Ïîèñê ïî áàçå äîêóìåíòîâ:

Áåñïëàòíîå îáó÷åíèå ïî àëãîòðåéäèíãó íà Python è Backtrader

 

Óòâåðæäåí è ââåäåí â äåéñòâèå

Ïîñòàíîâëåíèåì Ãîññòàíäàðòà ÑÑÑÐ

îò 30 èþíÿ 1981 ã. N 3239

 

ÃÎÑÓÄÀÐÑÒÂÅÍÍÛÉ ÑÒÀÍÄÀÐÒ ÑÎÞÇÀ ÑÑÐ

 

ÂÈÄÈÌÛÅ ÏÎÐÎÊÈ ÄÐÅÂÅÑÈÍÛ

 

ÊËÀÑÑÈÔÈÊÀÖÈß, ÒÅÐÌÈÍÛ È ÎÏÐÅÄÅËÅÍÈß, ÑÏÎÑÎÁÛ ÈÇÌÅÐÅÍÈß

 

Visible defects of wood. Classification, terms

and definitions, methods of measurement

 

ÃÎÑÒ 2140-81

(ÑÒ ÑÝÂ 2017-79, ÑÒ ÑÝÂ 2018-79, ÑÒ ÑÝÂ 2019-79,

ÑÒ ÑÝÂ 320-76, ÑÒ ÑÝÂ 321-76, ÑÒ ÑÝÂ 391-76,

ÑÒ ÑÝÂ 3286-81, ÑÒ ÑÝÂ 3287-81, ÑÒ ÑÝÂ 3504-81)

 

Ãðóïïà Ê00

 

ÎÊÑÒÓ 530

 

Ñðîê ââåäåíèÿ

1 ÿíâàðÿ 1982 ãîäà

 

Ðàçðàáîòàí Ìèíèñòåðñòâîì ëåñíîé è äåðåâîîáðàáàòûâàþùåé ïðîìûøëåííîñòè ÑÑÑÐ.

Èñïîëíèòåëè: Â.Ê. Àñàíîâà, êàíä. ñ-õ. íàóê; Â.È. Áðîóí; Â.Â. Êèñëûé, êàíä. òåõí. íàóê; Í.Ñ. Ëþáàñü; Â.Ñ. Ñåðåáðÿêîâ; È.Ê. ×åðêàñîâ; Ã.À. ×èáèñîâà.

Âíåñåí Ìèíèñòåðñòâîì ëåñíîé è äåðåâîîáðàáàòûâàþùåé ïðîìûøëåííîñòè ÑÑÑÐ.

Çàì. ìèíèñòðà Â.Ì. Âåíöëàâñêèé.

Âçàìåí ÃÎÑÒ 2140-71.

Óòâåðæäåí è ââåäåí â äåéñòâèå Ïîñòàíîâëåíèåì Ãîñóäàðñòâåííîãî êîìèòåòà ÑÑÑÐ ïî ñòàíäàðòàì îò 30 èþíÿ 1981 ã. N 3239.

 

Íàñòîÿùèé ñòàíäàðò óñòàíàâëèâàåò êëàññèôèêàöèþ, òåðìèíû, îïðåäåëåíèÿ è ñïîñîáû èçìåðåíèÿ âèäèìûõ ïîðîêîâ äðåâåñèíû <*>.

--------------------------------

<*> Âëèÿíèå ïîðîêîâ íà êà÷åñòâî äðåâåñèíû ïðèâåäåíî â ñïðàâî÷íîì Ïðèëîæåíèè 1.

 

Âèäèìûìè ïîðîêàìè ñ÷èòàþò íåäîñòàòêè îòäåëüíûõ ó÷àñòêîâ äðåâåñèíû, ñíèæàþùèå åå êà÷åñòâî è îãðàíè÷èâàþùèå âîçìîæíîñòü åå èñïîëüçîâàíèÿ.

 ñòàíäàðò âêëþ÷åíû âèäèìûå ïîðîêè, âñòðå÷àþùèåñÿ ó äðåâåñíûõ ïîðîä ÑÑÑÐ.

Ñòàíäàðò ïîëíîñòüþ ñîîòâåòñòâóåò ÑÒ ÑÝÂ 2017-79, ÑÒ ÑÝÂ 2018-79, ÑÒ ÑÝÂ 2019-79, ÑÒ ÑÝÂ 320-76, ÑÒ ÑÝÂ 321-76, ÑÒ ÑÝÂ 391-76, ÑÒ ÑÝÂ 3286-81, ÑÒ ÑÝÂ 3287-81, ÑÒ ÑÝÂ 3504-81 è ÌÑ ÈÑÎ 1029, ÈÑÎ Ð 1030, ÌÑ ÈÑÎ 1031, ÌÑ ÈÑÎ 2299, ÌÑ ÈÑÎ 2300, ÌÑ ÈÑÎ 2301, ÌÑ ÈÑÎ 4473, ÌÑ ÈÑÎ 4474, ÌÑ ÈÑÎ 4475.

Èëëþñòðàöèè âèäèìûõ ïîðîêîâ è ñïîñîáû èõ èçìåðåíèÿ ïðèâåäåíû â ñïðàâî÷íîì Ïðèëîæåíèè 2 (÷åðò. 1 - 71).

 

1. ÊËÀÑÑÈÔÈÊÀÖÈß

 

Ïîðîêè äðåâåñèíû äåëÿò íà ãðóïïû, âèäû è ðàçíîâèäíîñòè ñîãëàñíî òàáë. 1.

 

Òàáëèöà 1

 

─────────┬─────────────┬───────────────────┬──────────────────────

 Ãðóïïà      Âèä         Ðàçíîâèäíîñòü     Ó÷èòûâàåìûé ïîðîê

                                         ├───────┬───────┬──────

                                         │â êðóã-│â      │â øïî-

                                         │ëûõ ëå-│ïèëî-  │íå

                                         │ñîìàòå-│ïðîäóê-│

                                         │ðèàëàõ │öèè è 

                                                │äåòàëÿõ│

─────────┼─────────────┼───────────────────┼───────┼───────┼──────

 1. Ñó÷êè│                                │+      │+      │+

         │ 1.1. Îòêðû- │                   │+      │-      │-

         │òûé ñó÷îê                                    

                      │Ïî ôîðìå ðàçðåçà íà│             

                      │ïîâåðõíîñòè ñîðòè- │             

                      │ìåíòà                            

                      │1.1.1. Êðóãëûé     │-      │+      │+

                      │1.1.2. Îâàëüíûé    │-      │+      │+

                      │1.1.3. Ïðîäîëãî-   │-      │+      │+

                      │âàòûé                           

                      │Ïî ïîëîæåíèþ â                  

                      │ñîðòèìåíòå                      

                      │1.1.4. Ïëàñòåâîé   │-      │+      │-

                      │1.1.5. Êðîìî÷íûé   │-      │+      │-

                      │1.1.6. Ðåáðîâûé    │-      │+      │-

                      │1.1.7. Òîðöîâûé    │-      │+      │-

                      │1.1.8. Ñøèâíîé     │-      │+      │-

                      │Ïî âçàèìíîìó ðàñïî-│             

                      │ëîæåíèþ                         

                      │1.1.9. Ðàçáðîñàííûå│-      │+      │-

                      │1.1.10. Ãðóïïîâûå  │-      │+      │-

                      │1.1.11. Ðàçâåòâëåí-│-      │+      │-

                      │íûå                             

                      │Ïî ñòåïåíè ñðàñòà- │             

                      │íèÿ                             

                      │1.1.12. Ñðîñøèéñÿ  │-      │+      │+

                      │1.1.13. ×àñòè÷íî   │-      │+      │+

                      │ñðîñøèéñÿ                       

                      │1.1.14. Íåñðîñøèéñÿ│-      │+      │+

                      │1.1.15. Âûïàäàþùèé │-      │+      │+

                      │Ïî ñîñòîÿíèþ äðåâå-│             

                      │ñèíû                            

                      │1.1.16. Çäîðîâûé   │+      │+      │+

                      │1.1.16.1. Ñâåòëûé  │-      │+      │+

                      │1.1.16.2. Òåìíûé   │-      │+      │+

                      │1.1.16.3. Çäîðîâûé │-      │+      │+

                      │ñ òðåùèíàìè                     

                      │1.1.17. Çàãíèâøèé  │+      │+      │+

                      │1.1.18. Ãíèëîé     │+      │+      │+

                      │1.1.19. Òàáà÷íûé   │+      │+      │+

                      │Ïî âûõîäó íà ïî-                

                      │âåðõíîñòü                       

                      │1.1.20. Îäíîñòî-   │-      │+      │-

                      │ðîííèé                          

                      │1.1.21. Ñêâîçíîé   │-      │+      │-

         │ 1.2. Çàðîñ- │                   │+      │-      │-

         │øèé ñó÷îê                                    

 2. Òðå- │ 2.1. Òðåùè- │                   │+      │+      │+

ùèíû     │íà                                           

                      │Ïî òèïàì                        

                      │2.1.1. Ìåòèêîâàÿ   │+      │+      │-

                      │2.1.1.1. Ïðîñòàÿ   │+      │+      │-

                      │ìåòèêîâàÿ                       

                      │2.1.1.2. Ñëîæíàÿ   │+      │+      │-

                      │ìåòèêîâàÿ                       

                      │2.1.2. Îòëóïíàÿ    │+      │+      │-

                      │2.1.3. Ìîðîçíàÿ    │+      │+      │-

                      │è îò óäàðà ìîëíèè               

                      │2.1.4. Òðåùèíà     │+      │+      │-

                      │óñóøêè                           

                      │Ïî ïîëîæåíèþ â                  

                      │ñîðòèìåíòå                      

                      │2.1.5. Áîêîâàÿ     │-      │+      │-

                      │2.1.5.1. Ïëàñòîâàÿ │-      │+      │-

                      │2.1.5.2. Êðîìî÷íàÿ │-      │+      │-

                      │2.1.6. Òîðöîâàÿ    │-      │+      │-

                      │Ïî ãëóáèíå                      

                      │2.1.7. Íåñêâîçíàÿ  │-      │+      │-

                      │2.1.7.1. Íåãëóáîêàÿ│+      │+      │-

                      │2.1.7.2. Ãëóáîêàÿ  │+      │+      │-

                      │2.1.8. Ñêâîçíàÿ    │-      │+      │-

                      │Ïî øèðèíå                       

                      │2.1.9. Ñîìêíóòàÿ   │-      │-      │+

                      │2.1.10. Ðàçîøåäøà- │-      │-      │+

                      │ÿñÿ                             

 3. Ïîðî-│ 3.1. Ñáå-   │-                  │-      │+*     │-

êè ôîðìû │æèñòîñòü                                     

ñòâîëà                                                

         │ 3.2. Çàêî-                     │+      │+*     │-

         │ìåëèñòîñòü                                   

                      │3.2.1. Îêðóãëàÿ    │+      │-      │-

                      │3.2.2. Ðåáðèñòàÿ   │+      │-      │-

         │ 3.3. Îâàëü- │-                  │+      │-      │-

         │íîñòü                                        

         │ 3.4. Íàðîñò │-                  │+      │+*     │-

         │ 3.5. Êðè-   │-                  │+      │+*     │-

         │âèçíà                                        

                      │3.5.1. Ïðîñòàÿ     │+      │+*     │-

                      │3.5.2. Ñëîæíàÿ     │+      │+*     │-

4. Ïîðîêè│ 4.1. Íàêëîí │                   │+      │+      │+

ñòðîåíèÿ │âîëîêîí                                      

äðåâåñèíû│             │4.1.1. Òàíãåíòàëü- │-      │+      │+

                      │íûé                             

                      │4.1.2. Ðàäèàëüíûé  │-      │+      │+

         │ 4.2. Êðåíü* │                   │+      │+      │+

                                                      

                      │4.2.1. Ìåñòíàÿ     │+      │+      │+

                      │4.2.2. Ñïëîøíàÿ    │+      │+      │+

         │ 4.3. Òÿãî-  │-                  │-      │+      │+

         │âàÿ äðåâåñè- │                                

         │íà**                                         

         │ 4.4. Ñâèëå- │-                  │-      │+      │+

         │âàòîñòü                                      

                      │4.4.1. Âîëíèñòàÿ   │-      │+      │+

                      │4.4.2. Ïóòàíàÿ     │-      │+      │+

         │ 4.5. Çàâè-                     │-      │+      │+

         │òîê                                          

                      │4.5.1. Îäíîñòîðîí- │-      │+      │-

                      │íèé                             

                      │4.5.2. Ñêâîçíîé    │-      │+      │-

         │ 4.6. Ãëàçêè │                   │-      │+      │+

                      │Ïî âçàèìíîìó ðàñïî-│             

                      │ëîæåíèþ                         

                      │4.6.1. Ðàçáðîñàííûå│-      │+      │+

                      │4.6.2. Ãðóïïîâûå   │-      │+      │+

                      │Ïî èíòåíñèâíîñòè                

                      │öâåòà                           

                      │4.6.3. Ñâåòëûå     │-      │-      │+

                      │4.6.4. Òåìíûå      │-      │-      │+

         │ 4.7. Êàðìà- │                   │-      │+      │+

         │øåê                                          

                      │4.7.1. Îäíîñòîðîí- │-      │+      │-

                      │íèé                             

                      │4.7.2. Ñêâîçíîé    │-      │+      │-

         │ 4.8. Ñåðä-  │-                  │-      │+      │-

         │öåâèíà                                       

         │ 4.9. Äâîé-  │-                  │+      │+      │-

         │íàÿ ñåðäöå-                                  

         │âèíà                                         

         │ 4.10. Ñìå-  │-                  │+      │-      │-

         │øåííàÿ ñåðä- │                                

         │öåâèíà                                       

         │ 4.11. Ïàñû- │-                  │+      │+      │+

         │íîê                                          

         │ 4.12. Ñóõî- │-                  │+      │+*     │-

         │áîêîñòü                                      

         │ 4.13. Ïðî-  │-                  │+      │+      │+

         │ðîñòü                                        

                      │Ïî ðàñïîëîæåíèþ è                

                      │ãëóáèíå                         

                      │4.13.1. Îòêðûòàÿ   │+      │+      │+

                      │4.13.1.1. Îäíîñòî- │-      │+      │-

                      │ðîííÿÿ                          

                      │4.13.1.2. Ñêâîçíàÿ │-      │+      │-

                      │4.13.2. Çàêðûòàÿ   │+      │+      │-

                      │4.13.3. Ñðîñøàÿñÿ  │-      │-      │+

                      │Ïî èíòåíñèâíîñòè                

                      │öâåòà                           

                      │4.13.4. Ñâåòëàÿ    │-      │-      │+

                      │4.13.5. Òåìíàÿ     │-      │-      │+

         │ 4.14. Ðàê                      │+      │+*     │-

                      │4.14.1. Îòêðûòûé   │+      │-      │-

                      │4.14.2. Çàêðûòûé   │+      │-      │-

         │ 4.15. Çàñ-  │-                  │+      │-      │+

         │ìîëîê*                                       

         │ 4.16. Ëîæ-  │-                  │+      │+      │+

         │íîå ÿäðî**                                   

         │ 4.17. Ïÿò-  │-                  │-      │+      │+

         │íèñòîñòü**                                   

                      │4.17.1. Òàíãåíòàëü-│-      │+      │+

                      │íàÿ                             

                      │4.17.2. Ðàäèàëüíàÿ │-      │-      │+

                      │4.17.3. Ïðîæèëêè   │-      │+      │+

                      │4.17.3.1. Ðàçáðî-  │-      │-      │+

                      │ñàííûå                          

                      │4.17.3.2. Ãðóïïîâûå│-      │-      │+

                      │4.17.3.3. Ñëåäû îò │-      │-      │+

                      │ïðîæèëîê                        

         │4.18. Âíóò-  │-                  │-      │+      │+

         │ðåííÿÿ çàáî- │                                

         │ëîíü                                         

         │4.19. Âîäî-  │-                  │-      │+      │-

         │ñëîé                                         

 5. Õèìè-│5.1. Õèìè-                      │-      │+      │+

÷åñêèå   │÷åñêàÿ îê-                                   

îêðàñêè  │ðàñêà                                        

                      │Ïî òèïàì                        

                      │5.1.1. Ïðîäóáèíà   │-      │+      │+

                      │5.1.2. Æåëòèçíà    │-      │+      │+

                      │Ïî èíòåíñèâíîñòè                

                      │öâåòà                           

                      │5.1.3. Ñâåòëàÿ     │-      │-      │+

                      │5.1.4. Òåìíàÿ      │-      │-      │+

 6. Ãðèá-│ 6.1. Ãðèá-  │-                  │+      │+      │+

íûå ïîðà-│íûå ÿäðîâûå                                  

æåíèÿ    │ïÿòíà (ïîëî- │                                

         │ñû)                                          

         │ 6.2. Ïëå-   │-                  │-      │+      │+

         │ñåíü                                         

         │ 6.3. Çàáî-                     │+      │+      │+

         │ëîííûå ãðèá- │                                

         │íûå îêðàñêè                                  

                      │Ïî öâåòó                        

                      │6 3.1. Ñèíåâà      │+      │+      │+

                      │6.3.2. Öâåòíûå     │+      │+      │+

                      │çàáîëîííûå ïÿòíà                

                      │Ïî èíòåíñèâíîñòè                

                      │öâåòà                           

                      │6.3.3. Ñâåòëûå     │-      │+      │+

                      │6.3.4. Òåìíûå      │-      │+      │+

                      │Ïî ãëóáèíå                      

                      │6.3.5. Ïîâåðõíîñò- │+      │+      │-

                      │íûå                             

                      │6.3.6. Ãëóáîêèå    │+      │+      │-

                      │6.3.7. Ïîäñëîéíûå  │+      │+      │-

         │ 6.4. Ïîáó-                     │+      │+      │+

         │ðåíèå **                                     

                      │6.4.1. Òîðöîâîå    │+      │-      │-

                      │6.4.2. Áîêîâîå     │+      │-      │-

         │ 6.5. Ãíèëü                     │+      │+      │+

                      │Ïî öâåòó è ñòðóêòó-│             

                      │ðå ïîðàæåííîé äðå- │             

                      │âåñèíû                          

                      │6.5.1. Ïåñòðàÿ ñè- │+      │+      │-

                      │òîâàÿ                           

                      │6.5.2. Áóðàÿ òðåùè-│+      │+      │-

                      │íîâàòàÿ                         

                      │6.5.3. Áåëàÿ       │+      │+      │-

                      │âîëîêíèñòàÿ **                  

                      │Ïî òèïàì                        

                      │6.5.4. Çàáîëîííàÿ  │+      │+      │+

                      │6.5.4.1. Òâåðäàÿ   │+      │+      │+

                      │6.5.4 2. Ìÿãêàÿ    │+      │+      │+

                      │6.5.5. ßäðîâàÿ     │+      │+      │+

                      │6.5.6. Íàðóæíàÿ    │+      │+      │-

                      │òðóõëÿâàÿ                       

         │6.6. Äóïëî   │-                  │+      │+      │-

 7. Áèî- │                                             

ëîãè÷åñ- │                                             

êèå ïî-  │ 7.1. ×åðâî- │-                  │+      │+      │+

âðåæäåíèÿ│òî÷èíà                                      

                      │Ïî ãëóáèíå                      

                      │7.1.1. Ïîâåðõíîñò- │+      │+*     │-

                      │íàÿ                             

                      │7.1.2. Íåãëóáîêàÿ  │+      │+      │-

                      │7.1.3. Ãëóáîêàÿ    │+      │+      │-

                      │Ïî ðàçìåðó îòâåðñ- │             

                      │òèÿ                             

                      │7.1.3.1. Íåêðóïíàÿ │+      │+      │+

                      │7.1.3.2. Êðóïíàÿ   │+      │+      │+

                      │7.1.4. Ñêâîçíàÿ    │-      │+      │+

         │ 7.2. Ïî-                       │-      │+      │-

         │âðåæäåíèå                                     

         │äðåâåñèíû                                    

         │ïàðàçèòíûìè                                  

         │ðàñòåíèÿìè                                   

                      │Ïî ãëóáèíå                      

                      │7.2.1. Íåãëóáîêîå  │-      │+      │-

                      │7.2.2. Ãëóáîêîå    │-      │+      │-

         │ 7.3. Ïîâ-   │-                  │+      │-      │-

         │ðåæäåíèå                                     

         │ïòèöàìè                                      

 8. Èíî- │ 8.1. Èíî-   │-                  │+      │+      │-

ðîäíûå   │ðîäíîå âêëþ- │                                

âêëþ÷å-  │÷åíèå                                        

íèÿ, ìå- │                                            

õàíè÷åñ- │                                             

êèå ïîâ- │                                             

ðåæäåíèÿ │                                             

è ïîðîêè │                                             

îáðàáîòêè│                                             

         │ 8.2. Îáóã-  │-                  │+      │+      │-

         │ëåííîñòü                                     

         │ 8.3. Îáäèð  │-                  │+      │-      │-

         │êîðû                                         

         │ 8.4. Êàððà  │-                  │+      │+      │-

         │ 8.5. Ñêîñ   │-                  │+      │+      │-

         │ïðîïèëà                                       

         │ 8.6. Îáçîë  │-                  │-      │+      │-

                      │8.6.1. Òóïîé       │-      │+      │-

                      │8.6.2. Îñòðûé      │-      │+      │-

         │ 8.7. Çàêî-  │-                  │-      │-      │+

         │ðèíà                                         

         │ 8.8. Ðèñêè  │-                  │-      │+      │+

         │ 8.9. Âîë-   │-                  │-      │+      │+

         │íèñòîñòü                                     

         │ 8.10. Âîð-  │-                  │-      │+      │+

         │ñèñòîñòü                                     

         │ 8.11. Ìøèñ- │-                  │-      │+      │+

         │òîñòü                                        

         │ 8.12. Áàõ-  │-                  │-      │+      │-

         │ðîìà                                         

         │ 8.13. Çàðóá │-                  │+      │+      │-

         │ 8.14. Çàïèë │-                  │+      │+      │-

         │ 8.15. Îòùåï │-                  │+      │+      │-

         │ 8.16. Ñêîë  │-                  │+      │+      │-

         │ 8.17. Êîçû- │-                  │+      │+      │-

         │ðåê                                          

         │ 8.18. Çàó-  │-                  │-      │+      │-

         │ñåíåö                                        

         │ 8.19. Âûðûâ │-                  │+      │+      │+

         │ 8.20. Çàäèð │                   │-      │+      │-

         │ 8.21. Âû-   │-                  │-      │+      │-

         │ùåðáèíû                                      

         │ 8.22. Âìÿ-  │-                  │-      │+      │+

         │òèíà                                         

         │ 8.23. Ðâà-  │-                  │-      │+      │-

         │íûé òîðåö                                    

         │ 8.24. Ðÿáü  │-                  │-      │-      │+

         │øïîíà                                        

         │ 8 25. Íàêîë │-                  │+      │+      │+

         │ 8.26. Öàðà- │-                  │-      │+      │+

         │ïèíà                                         

         │ 8.27. Âûõ-  │-                  │-      │+      │-

         │âàò                                          

         │ 8.28. Íå-   │-                  │-      │+      │-

         │ïðîôðåçåðîâ- │                                

         │êà                                           

         │ 8.29. Ãðå-  │-                  │-      │+      │+

         │áåøîê                                        

         │ 8.30. Ïðî-  │-                  │-      │+      │-

         │øëèôîâêà                                     

         │ 8.31. Íåäî- │-                  │-      │+      │-

         │øëèôîâêà                                     

         │ 8.32. Îæîã  │-                  │-      │+      │-

 9. Ïîêî-│ 9.1. Ïîêî-                     │-      │+      │+

ðîáëåí-  │ðîáëåííîñòü                                  

íîñòè                                                 

                      │9.1.1. Ïðîäîëüíàÿ  │-      │+      │-

                      │ïî ïëàñòè                       

                      │9.1.1.1. Ïðîñòàÿ   │-      │+      │-

                      │9.1.1.2. Ñëîæíàÿ   │-      │+      │-

                      │9.1.2. Ïðîäîëüíàÿ  │-      │+      │-

                      │ïî êðîìêå                       

                      │9.1.3. Ïîïåðå÷íàÿ  │-      │+      │-

                      │9.1.4. Êðûëîâàòîñòü│-      │+      │-

 

Ïðèìå÷àíèÿ. 1. Çíàê "+" îçíà÷àåò, ÷òî ïîðîê ó÷èòûâàåòñÿ; çíàê "+*" îçíà÷àåò, ÷òî ïîðîê ó÷èòûâàåòñÿ òîëüêî â íåîáðåçíûõ ïèëîìàòåðèàëàõ.

2. Çíàê "*" îçíà÷àåò, ÷òî ïîðîê âñòðå÷àåòñÿ òîëüêî â äðåâåñèíå õâîéíûõ ïîðîä; çíàê "**" îçíà÷àåò, ÷òî ïîðîê âñòðå÷àåòñÿ òîëüêî â äðåâåñèíå ëèñòâåííûõ ïîðîä.

 

2. ÒÅÐÌÈÍÛ È ÎÏÐÅÄÅËÅÍÈß

 

────────────────────────┬─────────────────────────────────────────

         Òåðìèí         │Îïðåäåëåíèå

────────────────────────┴─────────────────────────────────────────

                             ÑÓ×ÊÈ

 

1. Ñó÷îê                │ ×àñòü âåòâè, çàêëþ÷åííàÿ â äðåâåñèíå

                        │ñòâîëà

2. Îòêðûòûé ñó÷îê       │ Ñó÷îê, âûõîäÿùèé íà áîêîâóþ ïîâåðõíîñòü

                        │êðóãëîãî ëåñîìàòåðèàëà

3. Êðóãëûé ñó÷îê        │ Ñó÷îê, ðàçðåçàííûé òàê, ÷òî îòíîøåíèå

                        │áîëüøåãî äèàìåòðà ê ìåíüøåìó íå

                        │ïðåâûøàåò äâóõ (÷åðò. 1)

4. Îâàëüíûé ñó÷îê       │ Ñó÷îê, ðàçðåçàííûé òàê, ÷òî îòíîøåíèå

                        │áîëüøåãî äèàìåòðà ê ìåíüøåìó áîëüøå

                        │äâóõ, íî íå áîëüøå ÷åòûðåõ (÷åðò. 1)

5. Ïðîäîëãîâàòûé ñó÷îê  │ Ñó÷îê, ðàçðåçàííûé òàê, ÷òî îòíîøåíèå

                        │áîëüøåãî äèàìåòðà ê ìåíüøåìó áîëüøå

                        │÷åòûðåõ (÷åðò. 1)

6. Ïëàñòåâîé ñó÷îê      │ Ñó÷îê, âûõîäÿùèé íà ïëàñòü (÷åðò. 1)

7. Êðîìî÷íûé ñó÷îê      │ Ñó÷îê, âûõîäÿùèé íà êðîìêó (÷åðò. 1)

8. Ðåáðîâûé ñó÷îê       │ Ñó÷îê, âûõîäÿùèé íà ðåáðî (÷åðò. 1 è 2)

9. Òîðöîâûé ñó÷îê       │ Ñó÷îê, âûõîäÿùèé îäíîâðåìåííî íà äâà

                        │ðåáðà îäíîé è òîé æå ñòîðîíû

                        │(÷åðò. 1 è 3)

10. Ñøèâíîé ñó÷îê       │ Ñó÷îê, âûõîäÿùèé íà òîðåö

11. Ðàçáðîñàííûå ñó÷êè  │ Ñó÷êè, ðàñïîëîæåííûå îäèíî÷íî è

                        │îòñòîÿùèå äðóã îò äðóãà íà ðàññòîÿíèè,

                        │ïðåâûøàþùåì øèðèíó ïèëîïðîäóêöèè èëè

                        │äåòàëè, à ïðè øèðèíå ïèëîïðîäóêöèè èëè

                        │äåòàëè áîëåå 150 ìì - íà ðàññòîÿíèè

                        │áîëåå 150 ìì

12. Ãðóïïîâûå ñó÷êè     │ Êðóãëûå, îâàëüíûå è ðåáðîâûå, ñó÷êè,

                        │ñîñðåäîòî÷åííûå â êîëè÷åñòâå äâóõ èëè

                        │áîëåå íà ðàññòîÿíèè, ðàâíîì øèðèíå ïè-

                        │ëîïðîäóêöèè èëè äåòàëè, à ïðè øèðèíå

                        │ïèëîïðîäóêöèè èëè äåòàëè áîëåå 150 ìì -

                        │íà ðàññòîÿíèè 150 ìì (÷åðò. 1 è 4)

13. Ðàçâåòâëåííûå ñó÷êè │ Äâà ïðîäîëãîâàòûõ ñó÷êà îäíîé ìóòîâêè

    Íäï. Ëàï÷àòûå ñó÷êè │èëè ïðîäîëãîâàòûé â ñî÷åòàíèè ñ îâàëüíûì

                        │èëè ðåáðîâûì ñó÷êîì òîé æå ìóòîâêè, íå-

                        │çàâèñèìî îò íàëè÷èÿ ìåæäó íèìè òðåòüåãî

                        │- êðóãëîãî èëè îâàëüíîãî (÷åðò. 1 è 5)

14. Ñðîñøèéñÿ ñó÷îê     │ Ñó÷îê, ãîäè÷íûå ñëîè êîòîðîãî ñðîñëèñü

                        │ñ îêðóæàþùåé äðåâåñèíîé íà ïðîòÿæåíèè íå

                        │ìåíåå 3/4 ïåðèìåòðà ðàçðåçà ñó÷êà

15. ×àñòè÷íî ñðîñøèéñÿ  │ Ñó÷îê, ãîäè÷íûå ñëîè êîòîðîãî ñðîñëèñü

    ñó÷îê               │ñ îêðóæàþùåé äðåâåñèíîé íà ïðîòÿæåíèè îò

                        │1/4 äî 3/4 ïåðèìåòðà ðàçðåçà ñó÷êà

16. Íåñðîñøèéñÿ ñó÷îê   │ Ñó÷îê, ãîäè÷íûå ñëîè êîòîðîãî íå èìåþò

                        │ñðàñòàíèÿ ñ îêðóæàþùåé äðåâåñèíîé èëè

                        │ñðîñëèñü ñ íåé íà ïðîòÿæåíèè ìåíåå 1/4

                        │ïåðèìåòðà ðàçðåçà ñó÷êà

17. Âûïàäàþùèé ñó÷îê    │ Ñó÷îê, íå èìåþùèé ñðàñòàíèÿ ñ îêðó-

    Íäï. <*> Âûïàäàþùèå │æàþùåé äðåâåñèíîé è äåðæàùèéñÿ â íåé

    íåñðîñøèåñÿ ñó÷êè   │íåïëîòíî.

                             Ïðèìå÷àíèå. Ê âûïàäàþùèì ñó÷êàì

                        │îòíîñÿò è îòâåðñòèÿ îò âûïàâøèõ ñó÷êîâ.

                       

18. Çäîðîâûé ñó÷îê      │ Ñó÷îê, èìåþùèé äðåâåñèíó áåç ãíèëè

19. Ñâåòëûé çäîðîâûé    │ Çäîðîâûé ñó÷îê, äðåâåñèíà êîòîðîãî

    ñó÷îê               │ñâåòëàÿ è áëèçêà ïî öâåòó ê îêðóæàþùåé

                        │äðåâåñèíå (÷åðò. 52)

20. Òåìíûé çäîðîâûé     │ Çäîðîâûé ñó÷îê, äðåâåñèíà êîòîðîãî

    ñó÷îê               │çíà÷èòåëüíî òåìíåå îêðóæàþùåé äðåâåñèíû,

    Íäï. Òåìíûå ïðîñìî- │îáèëüíî ïðîïèòàíà ñìîëîé, äóáèëüíûìè è

    ëåííûå ñó÷êè        │ÿäðîâûìè âåùåñòâàìè, ÷àñòî ñ íåðàâíî-

                        │ìåðíîé îêðàñêîé (÷åðò. 53)

21. Çäîðîâûé ñó÷îê ñ    │-

    òðåùèíàìè          

22. Çàãíèâøèé ñó÷îê     │ Ñó÷îê ñ ãíèëüþ, çàíèìàþùèé íå áîëåå 1/2

                        │ïëîùàäè ðàçðåçà ñó÷êà (÷åðò. 54)

23. Ãíèëîé ñó÷îê        │ Ñó÷îê ñ ãíèëüþ, çàíèìàþùåé áîëåå 1/3

                        │ïëîùàäè ðàçðåçà ñó÷êà (÷åðò. 55)

24. Òàáà÷íûé ñó÷îê      │ Çàãíèâøèé èëè ãíèëîé ñó÷îê, â êîòîðîì

                        │äðåâåñèíà ïîëíîñòüþ èëè ÷àñòè÷íî ïðåâðà-

                        │òèëàñü â ðûõëóþ ìàññó ðæàâî-áóðîãî (òà-

                        │áà÷íîãî) èëè áåëåñîãî öâåòà (÷åðò. 56)

25. Îäíîñòîðîííèé ñó÷îê │ Ñó÷îê, âûõîäÿùèé íà îäíó èëè äâå

                        │ñìåæíûå ñòîðîíû ïèëîïðîäóêöèè èëè äåòàëè

26. Ñêâîçíîé ñó÷îê      │ Ñó÷îê, âûõîäÿùèé íà äâå ïðîòèâîïîëîæíûå

                        │ñòîðîíû ïèëîïðîäóêöèè èëè äåòàëè

27. Çàðîñøèé ñó÷îê      │ Ñó÷îê, íå âûõîäÿùèé íà áîêîâóþ ïîâåðõ-

                        │íîñòü êðóãëîãî ëåñîìàòåðèàëà, îáíàðóæè-

                        │âàåìûé ïî ñëåäàì çàðàñòàíèÿ (âçäóòèå,

                        │ðàíåâîå ïÿòíî, áðîâêà)

 

                            ÒÐÅÙÈÍÛ

 

28. Òðåùèíà â äðåâåñèíå │ Ðàçðûâ äðåâåñèíû âäîëü âîëîêîí

    Òðåùèíà <**>       

29. Ìåòèêîâàÿ òðåùèíà   │ Ðàäèàëüíî íàïðàâëåííàÿ òðåùèíà â ÿäðå,

    Íäï. Ìåòèê          │îòõîäÿùàÿ îò ñåðäöåâèíû è èìåþùàÿ çíà-

                        │÷èòåëüíóþ ïðîòÿæåííîñòü ïî äëèíå ñîðòè-

                        │ìåíòà (÷åðò. 10 è 11).

                             Ïðèìå÷àíèÿ. 1. Âîçíèêàåò â ðàñòóùåì

                        │äåðåâå è óâåëè÷èâàåòñÿ â ñðóáëåííîé

                        │äðåâåñèíå ïðè ñóøêå.

                             2. Â êðóãëûõ ëåñîìàòåðèàëàõ íàáëþ-

                        │äàåòñÿ íà òîðöàõ; â ïèëîïðîäóêöèè èëè

                        │äåòàëÿõ - êàê íà òîðöàõ, òàê è íà

                        │áîêîâûõ ïîâåðõíîñòÿõ, ãäå îáû÷íî èìååò

                        │âèä äëèííûõ öåïî÷åê ïðåðûâèñòûõ òðåùèí,

                        │ðàçäåëåííûõ óçêèìè ïåðåìû÷êàìè.

                       

30. Ïðîñòàÿ ìåòèêîâàÿ   │ Ìåòèêîâàÿ òðåùèíà, ðàñïîëîæåííàÿ íà

    òðåùèíà             │òîðöå ñîðòèìåíòà â îäíîé ïëîñêîñòè ïî

                        │ðàäèóñó èëè äèàìåòðó (÷åðò. 10 è 11)

31. Ñëîæíàÿ ìåòèêîâàÿ   │ Ìåòèêîâàÿ òðåùèíà, ñîñòîÿùàÿ èç îäíîé

    òðåùèíà             │èëè íåñêîëüêèõ òðåùèí è ðàñïîëîæåííàÿ íà

    Çâåçä÷àòàÿ          │òîðöå ñîðòèìåíòà â ðàçíûõ ïëîñêîñòÿõ

    òðåùèíà             │(÷åðò. 10 è 11)

32. Îòëóïíàÿ òðåùèíà    │ Òðåùèíà, ïðîõîäÿùàÿ ìåæäó ãîäè÷íûìè

    Íäï. Îòëóï          │ñëîÿìè, âîçíèêàþùàÿ â ÿäðå ðàñòóùåãî

                        │äåðåâà (÷åðò. 10).

                             Ïðèìå÷àíèÿ. 1. Óâåëè÷èâàåòñÿ â

                        │ñðóáëåííîé äðåâåñèíå ïðè ñóøêå.

                             2. Íàáëþäàåòñÿ íà òîðöàõ â âèäå

                        │äóãîîáðàçíûõ è êîëüöåâûõ òðåùèí, íà

                        │áîêîâûõ ïîâåðõíîñòÿõ - â âèäå ïðîäîëüíûõ

                        │òðåùèí.

                       

33. Ìîðîçíàÿ òðåùèíà    │ Ðàäèàëüíî íàïðàâëåííàÿ òðåùèíà, ïðîõî-

    Íäï. Ìîðîçîáîèíû    │äÿùàÿ èç çàáîëîíè â ÿäðî è èìåþùàÿ çíà-

                        │÷èòåëüíóþ ïðîòÿæåííîñòü ïî äëèíå ñîðòè-

                        │ìåíòà (÷åðò. 10).

                             Ïðèìå÷àíèÿ. 1. Âîçíèêàåò â ðàñòóùåì

                        │äåðåâå ïîä âîçäåéñòâèåì íèçêèõ òåìïåðà-

                        │òóð è ñîïðîâîæäàåòñÿ îáðàçîâàíèåì íà

                        │ñòâîëå õàðàêòåðíûõ âàëèêîâ è ãðåáíåé

                        │ðàçðîñøåéñÿ äðåâåñèíû è êîðû.

                             2. Â êðóãëûõ ëåñîìàòåðèàëàõ íàáëþ-

                        │äàåòñÿ íà áîêîâîé ïîâåðõíîñòè â âèäå

                        │äëèííûõ è ãëóáîêèõ òðåùèí, íà òîðöàõ - â

                        │âèäå ãëóáîêèõ (îáû÷íî äî ñåðäöåâèíû)

                        │ðàäèàëüíûõ òðåùèí ñ ðàñøèðåííûìè îêîëî

                        │íèõ ãîäè÷íûìè ñëîÿìè; â ïèëîïðîäóêöèè

                        │èëè äåòàëÿõ - â âèäå äëèííûõ ðàäèàëüíûõ

                        │òðåùèí ñ èñêðèâëåííûìè îêîëî íèõ

                        │ãîäè÷íûìè ñëîÿìè è òåìíûìè (à ó õâîéíûõ

                        │è çàñìîëåííûìè) ñòåíêàìè.

                       

34. Òðåùèíà óñóøêè      │ Ðàäèàëüíî íàïðàâëåííàÿ òðåùèíà, âîçíè-

                        │êàþùàÿ â ñðóáëåííîé äðåâåñèíå ïðè ñóøêå

                        │(÷åðò. 10).

                             Ïðèìå÷àíèå. Îò ìåòèêîâûõ è ìîðîçíûõ

                        │òðåùèí îòëè÷àåòñÿ ìåíüøåé ïðîòÿæåííîñòüþ

                        │ïî äëèíå ñîðòèìåíòà (îáû÷íî íå áîëåå

                        │1 ì) è ìåíüøåé ãëóáèíîé

                       

35. Áîêîâàÿ òðåùèíà     │ Òðåùèíà, âûõîäÿùàÿ íà áîêîâóþ ïîâåðõ-

                        │íîñòü ñîðòèìåíòà èëè íà áîêîâóþ ïîâåðõ-

                        │íîñòü è òîðåö (èëè òîðöû)

36. Ïëàñòåâàÿ òðåùèíà   │ Áîêîâàÿ òðåùèíà, âûõîäÿùàÿ íà ïëàñòü

                        │èëè íà ïëàñòü è òîðåö (÷åðò. 10)

37. Êðîìî÷íàÿ òðåùèíà   │ Áîêîâàÿ òðåùèíà, âûõîäÿùàÿ íà êðîìêó

                        │èëè íà êðîìêó è òîðåö (÷åðò. 10)

38. Òîðöîâàÿ òðåùèíà    │ Òðåùèíà, âûõîäÿùàÿ íà òîðåö èëè òîðöû

                        │è íå èìåþùàÿ âûõîäà íà áîêîâóþ

                        │ïîâåðõíîñòü (÷åðò. 10)

39. Íåñêâîçíàÿ òðåùèíà  │ Òðåùèíà, âûõîäÿùàÿ íà áîêîâóþ ïîâåðõ-

                        │íîñòü ñîðòèìåíòà èëè íà îäíó áîêîâóþ

                        │ïîâåðõíîñòü è òîðåö

40. Íåãëóáîêàÿ òðåùèíà  │ Íåñêâîçíàÿ òðåùèíà â êðóãëûõ ëåñîìàòå-

                        │ðèàëàõ ãëóáèíîé íå áîëåå 1/10 äèàìåòðà

                        │ñîîòâåòñòâóþùåãî òîðöà, íî íå áîëåå 7

                        │ñì, à â ïèëîïðîäóêöèè èëè äåòàëÿõ -

                        │ãëóáèíîé íå áîëåå 5 ìì, â ïèëîïðîäóêöèè

                        │èëè äåòàëÿõ òîëùå 50 ìì - íå áîëåå 1/10

                        │åå òîëùèíû

41. Ãëóáîêàÿ òðåùèíà    │Íåñêâîçíàÿ òðåùèíà â êðóãëûõ ëåñîìàòå-

                        │ðèàëàõ ãëóáèíîé áîëåå 1/10 äèàìåòðà

                        │ñîîòâåòñòâóþùåãî òîðöà è â êðóãëûõ

                        │ëåñîìàòåðèàëàõ òîëùå 70 ñì - áîëåå 7 ñì,

                        │à â ïèëîïðîäóêöèè èëè äåòàëÿõ - ãëóáèíîé

                        │áîëåå 5 ìì, â ïèëîïðîäóêöèè èëè äåòàëÿõ

                        │òîëùå 50 ìì - áîëåå 1/10 åå òîëùèíû

42. Ñêâîçíàÿ òðåùèíà    │ Áîêîâàÿ òðåùèíà, âûõîäÿùàÿ íà äâå

                        │áîêîâûå ïîâåðõíîñòè èëè èìåþùàÿ äâà

                        │âûõîäà íà îäíó áîêîâóþ ïîâåðõíîñòü

                        │ñîðòèìåíòà

43. Ñîìêíóòàÿ òðåùèíà   │ Òðåùèíà øèðèíîé íå áîëåå 1,0 ìì

44. Ðàçîøåäøàÿñÿ        │ Òðåùèíà øèðèíîé áîëåå 1,0 ìì

    òðåùèíà            

 

                       ÏÎÐÎÊÈ ÔÎÐÌÛ ÑÒÂÎËÀ

 

45. Ñáåæèñòîñòü         │ Ïîñòåïåííîå óìåíüøåíèå äèàìåòðà êðóãëûõ

                        │ëåñîìàòåðèàëîâ èëè øèðèíû íåîáðåçíîé

                        │ïèëîïðîäóêöèè íà âñåì èõ ïðîòÿæåíèè,

                        │ïðåâûøàþùåå íîðìàëüíûé ñáåã, ðàâíûé 1 ñì

                        │íà 1 ì äëèíû ñîðòèìåíòà

46. Çàêîìåëèñòîñòü      │ Ðåçêîå óâåëè÷åíèå äèàìåòðà êîìëåâîé

                        │÷àñòè êðóãëûõ ëåñîìàòåðèàëîâ èëè øèðèíû

                        │íåîáðåçíîé ïèëîïðîäóêöèè, êîãäà äèàìåòð

                        │(øèðèíà) êîìëåâîãî òîðöà íå ìåíåå ÷åì â

                        │1,2 ðàçà ïðåâûøàåò äèàìåòð (øèðèíó) ñîð-

                        │òèìåíòà, èçìåðåííûé íà ðàññòîÿíèè 1 ì îò

                        │ýòîãî òîðöà

47. Îêðóãëàÿ çàêîìå-    │ Çàêîìåëèñòîñòü ñ îêðóãëîé ôîðìîé ïîïå-

    ëèñòîñòü            │ðå÷íîãî ñå÷åíèÿ êðóãëîãî ëåñîìàòåðèàëà

48. Ðåáðèñòàÿ çàêîìå-   │ Çàêîìåëèñòîñòü ñî çâåçä÷àòî-ëîïàñòíîé

    ëèñòîñòü            │ôîðìîé ïîïåðå÷íîãî ñå÷åíèÿ êðóãëîãî

    Íäï. Ðîéêà          │ëåñîìàòåðèàëà

49. Îâàëüíîñòü ñòâîëà   │ Ôîðìà ïîïåðå÷íîãî ñå÷åíèÿ òîðöà êðóã-

    Îâàëüíîñòü          │ëîãî ëåñîìàòåðèàëà, ó êîòîðîãî áîëüøèé

                        │äèàìåòð íå ìåíåå ÷åì â 1,5 ðàçà ïðåâûøà-

                        │åò ìåíüøèé

50. Íàðîñò íà ñòâîëå    │ Ðåçêîå ìåñòíîå óòîëùåíèå ñòâîëà ðàç-

     Íàðîñò             │ëè÷íîé ôîðìû è ðàçìåðîâ.

    Íäï. Íàïëûâ              Ïðèìå÷àíèÿ. 1. Ñîïðîâîæäàåòñÿ

                        │ñâèëåâàòîñòüþ äðåâåñèíû.

                             2. Âñòðå÷àåòñÿ íà âñåõ ïîðîäàõ,

                        │÷àùå íà ëèñòâåííûõ.

                       

51. Êðèâèçíà ñòâîëà     │ Îòêëîíåíèå ïðîäîëüíîé îñè ñîðòèìåíòà îò

    Êðèâèçíà            │ïðÿìîé ëèíèè, îáóñëîâëåííîå èñêðèâëåíèåì

                        │ñòâîëà

52. Ïðîñòàÿ êðèâèçíà    │ Êðèâèçíà, õàðàêòåðèçóþùàÿñÿ òîëüêî

    Íäï. Îäíîñòîðîííÿÿ  │îäíèì èçãèáîì ñîðòèìåíòà

    êðèâèçíà           

53. Ñëîæíàÿ êðèâèçíà    │ Êðèâèçíà, õàðàêòåðèçóþùàÿñÿ äâóìÿ è

    Íäï. Ðàçíîñòîðîííÿÿ │áîëåå èçãèáàìè ñîðòèìåíòà â îäíîé èëè

    êðèâèçíà            │íåñêîëüêèõ ïëîñêîñòÿõ

 

                   ÏÎÐÎÊÈ ÑÒÐÎÅÍÈß ÄÐÅÂÅÑÈÍÛ

 

54. Íàêëîí âîëîêîí      │ Îòêëîíåíèå íàïðàâëåíèÿ âîëîêîí îò

    Íäï. Êîñîñëîé       │ïðîäîëüíîé îñè ëåñîìàòåðèàëà.

                             Ïðèìå÷àíèå.  êðóãëûõ ëåñîìàòåðèà-

                        │ëàõ íàêëîí âîëîêîí îáóñëîâëåí ñïèðàëüíûì

                        │ðàñïîëîæåíèåì âîëîêîí.

                       

55. Òàíãåíòàëüíûé       │ Íàêëîí âîëîêîí â òàíãåíòàëüíîé ïëîñ-

    (òàíãåíöèàëüíûé)    │êîñòè ñîðòèìåíòà (÷åðò. 18).

    íàêëîí âîëîêîí           Ïðèìå÷àíèå. Ïðîÿâëÿåòñÿ â ïèëîïðî-

                        │äóêöèè, äåòàëÿõ è øïîíå íà òàíãåíòàëüíûõ

                        │ïîâåðõíîñòÿõ ïî íåïàðàëëåëüíîñòè ñåðäöå-

                        │âèííûõ ëó÷åé, ñìîëÿíûõ õîäîâ, òðåùèí è

                        │ïîëîñîê ãðèáíûõ ïîðàæåíèé ïðîäîëüíîé îñè

                        │ñîðòèìåíòà, à òàêæå ïðî÷åð÷èâàíèåì âäîëü

                        │âîëîêîí ëèíèé òîíêèì, íî íå ðåæóùèì

                        │èíñòðóìåíòîì

                       

56. Ðàäèàëüíûé íàêëîí   │ Íàêëîí âîëîêîí è ðàäèàëüíîé ïëîñêîñòè,

    âîëîêîí             │îáíàðóæèâàåìûé â ïèëîïðîäóêöèè, äåòàëÿõ

    Íäï. Ïåðåðåçàíèå    │è øïîíå íà ðàäèàëüíûõ ïîâåðõíîñòÿõ ïî

    ãîäîâûõ ñëîåâ       │íåïàðàëëåëüíîñòè ãîäè÷íûõ ñëîåâ ïðîäîëü-

                        │íîé îñè ñîðòàìåíòà, à íà òàíãåíòàëüíûõ

                        │ïîâåðõíîñòÿõ - ïî íåñèììåòðè÷íîìó

                        │ðèñóíêó âûêëèíèâàíèÿ è ïåðåðåçàíèÿ

                        │ãîäè÷íûõ ñëîåâ (÷åðò 18).

                             Ïðèìå÷àíèÿ. 1. Ðàäèàëüíûé íàêëîí

                        │âîëîêîí õàðàêòåðåí äëÿ ïèëîïðîäóêöèè,

                        │äåòàëåé è øïîíà, âûðàáîòàííûõ èç êðóãëûõ

                        │ëåñîìàòåðèàëîâ ñî ñáåæèñòîñòüþ,

                        │çàêîìåëèñòîñòüþ èëè êðèâèçíîé.

                             2. Âîçíèêàåò òàêæå ïðè íåïðàâèëüíîé

                        │ðàñïèëîâêå ïðÿìîñëîéíîé äðåâåñèíû.

                       

57. Êðåíü               │ Èçìåíåíèå ñòðîåíèÿ äðåâåñèíû õâîéíûõ

                        │ïîðîä â ñæàòîé çîíå ñòâîëà è ñó÷üåâ,

                        │ïðîÿâëÿþùååñÿ â âèäå êàæóùåãîñÿ ðåçêîãî

                        │óòîëùåíèÿ ïîçäíåé äðåâåñèíû ãîäè÷íûõ

                        │ñëîåâ.

                             Ïðèìå÷àíèÿ. 1. Íàáëþäàåòñÿ íà òîð-

                        │öàõ ëåñîìàòðèàëîâ â âèäå äóãîîáðàçíûõ,

                        │ðåæå êîëüöåâûõ, ó÷àñòêîâ òåìíî îêðàøåí-

                        │íîé äðåâåñèíû, íà áîêîâîé ïîâåðõíîñòè

                        │ïèëîïðîäóêöèè, äåòàëåé è øïîíà - â âèäå

                        │òàêîãî æå öâåòà ïîëîñ.

                             2. Ñâîéñòâåííà èñêðèâëåííûì è íàê-

                        │ëîííî ñòîÿùèì ñòâîëàì, à òàêæå âñåì

                        │ñó÷üÿì, îñîáåííî ÷àñòî âñòðå÷àåòñÿ â

                        │äðåâåñèíå åëè.

                       

58. Ìåñòíàÿ êðåíü       │ Êðåíü â âèäå óçêèõ äóãîîáðàçíûõ ó÷àñò-

    Íäï. Ïðîæèëêîâàÿ    │êîâ èëè ïîëîñ, çàõâàòûâàþùèõ îäèí èëè

    êðåíü               │íåñêîëüêî ãîäè÷íûõ ñëîåâ (÷åðò. 21)

59. Ñïëîøíàÿ êðåíü      │ Êðåíü â âèäå íåçíà÷èòåëüíûõ ñïëîøíûõ

                        │ó÷àñòêîâ, ðàñïîëîæåííûõ ïî îäíó ñòîðîíó

                        │îò ñåðäöåâèíû è çàõâàòûâàþùèõ ïîëîâèíó è

                        │áîëåå ïëîùàäè ïîïåðå÷íîãî ñå÷åíèÿ

                        │(÷åðò. 21)

60. Òÿãîâàÿ äðåâåñèíà   │ Èçìåíåíèå ñòðîåíèÿ äðåâåñèíû ëèñòâåííûõ

                        │ïîðîä â ðàñòÿíóòîé çîíå ñòâîëîâ è ñó÷ü-

                        │åâ, ïðîÿâëÿþùååñÿ â ðåçêîì óâåëè÷åíèè

                        │øèðèíû ãîäè÷íûõ ñëîåâ.

                             Ïðèìå÷àíèÿ. 1. Îáíàðóæèâàåòñÿ ïî

                        │âîðñèñòîñòè ïîâåðõíîñòè, èíîãäà è ïî

                        │èçìåíåíèþ îêðàñêè.

                             2. Íàáëþäàåòñÿ íà òîðöàõ â âèäå

                        │äóãîîáðàçíûõ ó÷àñòêîâ, íà ðàäèàëüíûõ

                        │ïîâåðõíîñòÿõ ïèëîïðîäóêöèè, äåòàëåé è â

                        │øïîíå èç äðåâåñèíû ñ îò÷åòëèâûìè

                        │ãîäè÷íûìè ñëîÿìè (äóá, ÿñåíü) - â âèäå

                        │óçêèõ ïîëîñ-òÿæåé.

                       

61. Ñâèëåâàòàÿ äðåâå-   │ Èçâèëèñòîå èëè áåñïîðÿäî÷íîå ðàñïîëîæå-

    ñèíà                │íèå âîëîêîí äðåâåñèíû.

    Ñâèëåâàòîñòü             Ïðèìå÷àíèå. Âñòðå÷àåòñÿ íà âñåõ

                        │äðåâåñíûõ ïîðîäàõ, ÷àùå íà ëèñòâåííûõ è

                        │ïðåèìóùåñòâåííî â ëåñîìàòåðèàëàõ èç

                        │êîìëåâîé ÷àñòè ñòâîëà.

                       

62. Âîëíèñòàÿ ñâèëåâà-  │ Ñâèëåâàòîñòü, õàðàêòåðèçóþùàÿñÿ áîëåå

    òîñòü               │èëè ìåíåå ïðàâèëüíûì ðàñïîëîæåíèåì

                        │âîëîêîí äðåâåñèíû

63. Ïóòàíàÿ ñâèëåâà-    │ Ñâèëåâàòîñòü, õàðàêòåðèçóþùàÿñÿ áåñïî-

    òîñòü               │ðÿäî÷íûì ðàñïîëîæåíèåì âîëîêîí äðåâåñèíû

64. Çàâèòîê             │ Ìåñòíîå èñêðèâëåíèå ãîäè÷íûõ ñëîåâ,

                        │îáóñëîâëåííîå âëèÿíèåì ñó÷êîâ èëè

                        │ïðîðîñòåé.

                             Ïðèìå÷àíèå. Íàáëþäàåòñÿ â âèäå

                        │÷àñòè÷íî ïåðåðâàííûõ, ñêîáîîáðàçíî

                        │èçîãíóòûõ êîíöåíòðè÷åñêèõ êîíòóðîâ,

                        │îáðàçîâàííûõ èñêðèâëåííûìè ãîäè÷íûìè

                        │ñëîÿìè.

                       

65. Îäíîñòîðîííèé       │ Çàâèòîê, âûõîäÿùèì íà îäíó èëè äâå

    çàâèòîê             │ñìåæíûå ñòîðîíû ïèëîïðîäóêöèè èëè äåòàëè

                        │(÷åðò. 22)

66. Ñêâîçíîé çàâèòîê    │ Çàâèòîê, âûõîäÿùèé íà äâå ïðîòèâîïî-

                        │ëîæíûå ñòîðîíû ïèëîïðîäóêöèè èëè äåòàëè

                        │(÷åðò. 22)

67. Ãëàçêè              │ Ñëåäû íåðàçâèâøèõñÿ â ïîáåã "ñïÿùèõ"

                        │ïî÷åê.

                             Ïðèìå÷àíèå. Äèàìåòð ãëàçêîâ íå

                        │ïðåâûøàåò 5 ìì.

                       

68. Ðàçáðîñàííûå ãëàçêè │ Ãëàçêè, ðàñïîëîæåííûå îäèíî÷íî è îòñòî-

                        │ÿùèå äðóã îò äðóãà íà ðàññòîÿíèè áîëåå

                        │10 ìì (÷åðò. 23)

69. Ãðóïïîâûå ãëàçêè    │ Ãëàçêè, ñîñðåäîòî÷åííûå â êîëè÷åñòâå

    Íäï. Ùåòêè          │òðåõ è áîëåå è îòñòîÿùèå äðóã îò äðóãà

                        │íà ðàññòîÿíèè íå áîëåå 10 ìì (÷åðò. 23)

70. Ñâåòëûå ãëàçêè      │ Ãëàçêè, äðåâåñèíà êîòîðûõ áëèçêà ïî

                        │öâåòó ê îêðóæàþùåé äðåâåñèíå

71. Òåìíûå ãëàçêè       │ Ãëàçêè, äðåâåñèíà êîòîðûõ çíà÷èòåëüíî

                        │òåìíåå îêðóæàþùåé äðåâåñèíû

72. Êàðìàøåê            │ Ïîëîñòü âíóòðè èëè ìåæäó ãîäè÷íûõ

    Íäï. Ñìîëÿíîé       │ñëîåâ, çàïîëíåííàÿ ñìîëîé èëè êàìåäÿìè

    êàðìàøåê            │(÷åðò. 24).

                             Ïðèìå÷àíèå. Íàáëþäàåòñÿ íà òàíãåí-

                        │òàëüíûõ ïîâåðõíîñòÿõ, â âèäå îâàëüíûõ

                        │ïëîñêèõ óãëóáëåíèé, íà ðàäèàëüíûõ ïîâåð-

                        │õíîñòÿõ - â âèäå óçêèõ ïðîäîëüíûõ ùåëåé,

                        │íà òîðöàõ - â âèäå êîðîòêèõ äóãîîáðàçíûõ

                        │ïîëîñòåé.

                       

73. Îäíîñòîðîííèé       │ Êàðìàøåê, âûõîäÿùèé íà îäíó èëè äâå

    êàðìàøåê            │ñìåæíûå ñòîðîíû ïèëîïðîäóêöèè èëè äåòàëè

74. Ñêâîçíîé êàðìàøåê   │ Êàðìàøåê, âûõîäÿùèé íà äâå ïðîòèâîïî-

                        │ëîæíûå ñòîðîíû ïèëîïðîäóêöèè èëè äåòàëè

75. Ñåðäöåâèíà          │ Óçêàÿ öåíòðàëüíàÿ ÷àñòü ñòâîëà, ñîñòî-

    Íäï. Ñåðäöåâèííàÿ   │ÿùàÿ èç ðûõëîé òêàíè, õàðàêòåðèçóþùàÿñÿ

    òðóáêà              │áóðûì èëè áîëåå ñâåòëûì, ÷åì ó îêðóæàþ-

                        │ùåé äðåâåñèíû, öâåòîì.

                            Ïðèìå÷àíèå. Íà òîðöàõ ñîðòèìåíòà

                        │íàáëþäàåòñÿ â âèäå ïÿòíà (îêîëî 5 ìì)

                        │ðàçëè÷íîé ôîðìû, íà ðàäèàëüíûõ

                        │ïîâåðõíîñòÿõ - â âèäå óçêîé ïîëîñû.

                       

76. Äâîéíàÿ ñåðäöåâèíà  │ Íàëè÷èå â ñîðòèìåíòå äâóõ è áîëåå

                        │ñåðäöåâèí ñ ñàìîñòîÿòåëüíûìè ñèñòåìàìè

                        │ãîäè÷íûõ ñëîåâ, îêðóæåííûõ ñ ïåðèôåðèè

                        │îäíîé îáùåé ñèñòåìîé (÷åðò. 25).

                             Ïðèìå÷àíèå.  êðóãëûõ ëåñîìàòåðèà-

                        │ëàõ ñîïðîâîæäàåòñÿ îâàëüíîñòüþ ñå÷åíèÿ

                        │ñòâîëà.  ïèëîïðîäóêöèè, äåòàëÿõ è øïîíå

                        │íàáëþäàåòñÿ íà ðàäèàëüíûõ ïîâåðõíîñòÿõ â

                        │âèäå äâóõ óçêèõ, ðàñïîëîæåííûõ ïîä óãëîì

                        │äðóã ê äðóãó ïîëîñîê ñåðäöåâèí, íà

                        │òîðöàõ - â âèäå äâóõ ñàìîñòîÿòåëüíûõ

                        │ñèñòåì ãîäè÷íûõ ñëîåâ.

                       

77. Ñìåùåííàÿ ñåðäöå-   │ Ýêñöåíòðè÷íîå ðàñïîëîæåíèå ñåðäöåâèíû.

    âèíà                     Ïðèìå÷àíèå. Êàê ïðàâèëî ñîïðîâîæäà-

                        │åòñÿ îâàëüíîñòüþ ñòâîëà.

                       

78. Ïàñûíîê             │ Îòñòàâøàÿ â ðîñòå èëè îòìåðøàÿ âòîðàÿ

                        │âåðøèíà, ïðîíèçûâàþùàÿ ñîðòèìåíò ïîä

                        │îñòðûì óãëîì ê åãî ïðîäîëüíîé îñè íà

                        │çíà÷èòåëüíîì ïðîòÿæåíèè (÷åðò. 26).

                             Ïðèìå÷àíèå. Íàáëþäàåòñÿ íà áîêîâîé

                        │ïîâåðõíîñòè êðóãëûõ ëåñîìàòåðèàëîâ â

                        │âèäå ñèëüíî âûòÿíóòîãî îâàëà, ó êîòîðîãî

                        │îäèí äèàìåòð ïðåâûøàåò äðóãîé áîëåå ÷åì

                        │â 4 ðàçà, â ïèëîïðîäóêöèè èëè äåòàëÿõ -

                        │â âèäå òàêîãî æå îâàëà èëè ïîëîñû.

                       

79. Ñóõîáîêîñòü         │ Îìåðòâåâøèé â ïðîöåññå ðîñòà äåðåâà

    Íäï. Ñóõîáî÷èíà     │ó÷àñòîê ïîâåðõíîñòè ñòâîëà, âîçíèêøèé â

                        │ðåçóëüòàòå ïîâðåæäåíèé (óøèá, çàðóá).

                             Ïðèìå÷àíèå. Ñóõîáîêîñòü îáû÷íî

                        │ëèøåíà êîðû, âûòÿíóòà ïî äëèíå ñòâîëà,

                        │óãëóáëåíà ïî îòíîøåíèþ ê îñòàëüíîé åãî

                        │ïîâåðõíîñòè è ïî êðàÿì èìååò íàïëûâû â

                        │âèäå âàëèêîâ äðåâåñèíû è êîðû, ÷àñòî

                        │ñîïðîâîæäàåòñÿ ðàçâèòèåì â ïðèëåãàþùåé

                        │äðåâåñèíå çàñìîëêà è çàáîëîííûõ ãðèáíûõ

                        │îêðàñîê, à òàêæå ãðèáíûõ ÿäðîâûõ ïÿòåí è

                        │ïîëîñ è ÿäðîâîé ãíèëè, êîòîðûå â ýòîì

                        │ñëó÷àå áûâàþò ñèëüíî ñìåùåíû â íàðóæíûå

                        │ñëîè äðåâåñèíû.

                        

80. Ïðîðîñòü            │ Çàðàñòàþùàÿ èëè çàðîñøàÿ ðàíà, ñîïðî-

                        │âîæäàþùàÿñÿ ðàäèàëüíîé ùåëåâèäíîé ïîëîñ-

                        │òüþ, êàê ïðàâèëî, çàïîëíåííàÿ îñòàòêàìè

                        │êîðû è îìåðòâåâøèìè òêàíÿìè.

                             Ïðèìå÷àíèå. Âîçíèêàåò â ðàñòóùåì

                        │äåðåâå, èíîãäà ñîïðîâîæäàåòñÿ ðàçâèòèåì

                        │â ïðèëåãàþùåé äðåâåñèíå çàñìîëêà, ãðèá-

                        │íûõ ÿäðîâûõ ïÿòåí è ïîëîñ, ÿäðîâîé ãíèëè.

                       

81. Îòêðûòàÿ ïðîðîñòü   │ Ïðîðîñòü, âûõîäÿùàÿ íà áîêîâóþ ïîâåðõ-

                        │íîñòü ëåñîìàòåðèàëà èëè íà áîêîâóþ ïî-

                        │âåðõíîñòü è òîðåö (÷åðò. 28 è 29)

82. Îäíîñòîðîííÿÿ       │ Îòêðûòàÿ ïðîðîñòü, âûõîäÿùàÿ íà îäíó

    ïðîðîñòü            │èëè äâå ñìåæíûå ñòîðîíû (÷åðò. 28)

83. Ñêâîçíàÿ ïðîðîñòü   │ Îòêðûòàÿ ïðîðîñòü, âûõîäÿùàÿ íà äâå

                        │ïðîòèâîïîëîæíûå áîêîâûå ñòîðîíû

                        │(÷åðò. 28)

84. Çàêðûòàÿ ïðîðîñòü   │ Ïðîðîñòü, âûõîäÿùàÿ íà òîðåö è íå

                        │èìåþùàÿ âûõîäà íà åãî áîêîâóþ ïîâåðõ-

                        │íîñòü

85. Ñðîñøàÿñÿ ïðîðîñòü  │ Ñëåä îò çàêðûòîé ïðîðîñòè â âèäå âûòÿ-

                        │íóòîãî ó÷àñòêà (øâà) ñâèëåâàòîé äðåâåñè-

                        │íû íà ïîâåðõíîñòè øïîíà (÷åðò. 29)

86. Ñâåòëàÿ ïðîðîñòü    │ Ïðîðîñòü, äðåâåñèíà êîòîðîé áëèçêà ïî

                        │öâåòó ê îêðóæàþùåé äðåâåñèíå è íå

                        │ñîäåðæèò âêëþ÷åíèé êîðû

87. Òåìíàÿ ïðîðîñòü     │ Ïðîðîñòü, äðåâåñèíà êîòîðîé çíà÷èòåëüíî

                        │òåìíåå îêðóæàþùåé äðåâåñèíû èëè ñîäåðæèò

                        │âêëþ÷åíèÿ êîðû

88. Ðàê                 │ Óãëóáëåíèå èëè âçäóòèå, âîçíèêàþùåå íà

                        │ïîâåðõíîñòè ðàñòóùåãî äåðåâà â ðåçóëüòà-

                        │òå äåÿòåëüíîñòè ãðèáîâ èëè áàêòåðèé

89. Îòêðûòûé ðàê        │ Ðàê ñ ïëîñêèì èëè óãëóáëåííûì äíîì,

                        │ñòóïåí÷àòûìè êðàÿìè è íàïëûâàìè ïî

                        │ïåðèôåðèè

90. Çàêðûòûé ðàê        │ Ðàê ñ íåíîðìàëüíûìè óòîëùåíèÿìè òêàíåé

                        │êîðû è äðåâåñèíû âîçëå ïîðàæåííûõ ìåñò

91. Çàñìîëîê            │ Ó÷àñòîê äðåâåñèíû õâîéíûõ ïîðîä,

                        │îáèëüíî ïðîïèòàííûé ñìîëîé.

                             Ïðèìå÷àíèå.  êðóãëûõ ëåñîìàòåðèà-

                        │ëàõ îáíàðóæèâàåòñÿ ïî íàëè÷èþ ðàí è

                        │ñêîïëåíèþ ñìîëû.  ïèëîïðîäóêöèè, äåòà-

                        │ëÿõ è øïîíå ïðîñìîëåííûå ó÷àñòêè çíà÷è-

                        │òåëüíî òåìíåå îêðóæàþùåé èõ íîðìàëüíîé

                        │äðåâåñèíû è ïðîñâå÷èâàþò â òîíêèõ

                        │ìàòåðèàëàõ.

                       

92. Ëîæíîå ÿäðî         │ Òåìíîå íåðàâíîìåðíî îêðàøåííîå ÿäðî,

                        │ãðàíèöà êîòîðîãî îáû÷íî íå ñîâïàäàåò ñ

                        │ãîäè÷íûìè ñëîÿìè, îòäåëåííîå îò çàáîëîíè

                        │òåìíîé (ðåæå ñâåòëîé) êàéìîé è íå îòëè-

                        │÷àþùååñÿ ïî òâåðäîñòè îò îêðóæàþùåé

                        │äðåâåñèíû (÷åðò. 57).

                             Ïðèìå÷àíèÿ. 1. Èìååò òåìíî-áóðóþ

                        │èëè êðàñíî-áóðóþ îêðàñêó, èíîãäà ñ

                        │ëèëîâûì, ôèîëåòîâûì èëè òåìíî-çåëåíûì

                        │îòòåíêîì.

                             2. Ïî ôîðìå íà ïîïåðå÷íîì ñå÷åíèè

                        │ñòâîëà ìîæåò áûòü îêðóãëûì, çâåçä÷àòûì

                        │èëè ëîïàñòíûì, èíîãäà áûâàåò ýêñöåíò-

                        │ðè÷íûì; íà ïðîäîëüíûõ ðàçðåçàõ èìååò âèä

                        │øèðîêîé ïîëîñû îäíîãî èëè íåñêîëüêèõ èç

                        │óêàçàííûõ öâåòîâ.

                             3. Íàáëþäàåòñÿ ó äðåâåñíûõ ïîðîä ñ

                        │íåðåãóëÿðíûì ÿäðîîáðàçîâàíèåì (íàïðèìåð,

                        │áåðåçà, áóê, êëåí).

                       

93. Ïÿòíèñòîñòü äðåâå-  │ Îêðàñêà çàáîëîíè ëèñòâåííûõ ïîðîä â

    ñèíû                │âèäå ïÿòåí è ïîëîñ, áåç ïîíèæåíèÿ òâåð-

    Ïÿòíèñòîñòü         │äîñòè äðåâåñèíû, âîçíèêàþùàÿ â ðàñòóùèõ

                        │äåðåâüÿõ è áëèçêàÿ ïî öâåòó ê îêðàñêå

                        │ÿäðà

94. Òàíãåíòàëüíàÿ       │ Ïÿòíèñòîñòü, õàðàêòåðèçóþùàÿñÿ íà

    ïÿòíèñòîñòü         │ïîïåðå÷íûõ ðàçðåçàõ âûòÿíóòîñòüþ ïÿòåí â

                        │òàíãåíòàëüíîì íàïðàâëåíèè, ïî ãîäîâûì

                        │ñëîÿì.

                             Ïðèìå÷àíèå. Íà ïðîäîëüíûõ ðàçðåçàõ

                        │íàáëþäàåòñÿ â âèäå ìíîãî÷èñëåííûõ óçêèõ

                        │è äëèííûõ ïîëîñ.

                       

95. Ðàäèàëüíàÿ ïÿòíèñ-  │ Ïÿòíèñòîñòü, õàðàêòåðèçóþùàÿñÿ íà ïîïå-

    òîñòü               │ðå÷íûõ ðàçðåçàõ âûòÿíóòîñòüþ ïÿòåí â

    Íäï. ×åëíîêè        │ðàäèàëüíîì íàïðàâëåíèè âäîëü ñåðäöåâèí-

                        │íûõ ëó÷åé (÷åðò. 32).

                             Ïðèìå÷àíèå. Íàáëþäàåòñÿ íà ïðîäîëü-

                        │íûõ ðàçðåçàõ â âèäå óçêèõ âûêëèíèâàþùèõ-

                        │ñÿ ê îáîèì êîíöàì ïðîäîëüíûõ ïîëîñ.

                        │Âîçíèêàåò ïîä âîçäåéñòâèåì ãðèáîâ èëè

                        │íàñåêîìûõ.

                       

96. Ïðîæèëêè            │ Ïÿòíèñòîñòü â âèäå òîíêèõ æåëòîâàòî-

    Íäï. Ñåðäöåâèííûå   │áóðûõ ïîëîñîê ðûõëîé òêàíè, ðàñïîëîæåí-

    ïîâòîðåíèÿ          │íûõ ïî ãðàíèöå ãîäè÷íûõ ñëîåâ

                        │(÷åðò. 33).

                             Ïðèìå÷àíèå. Ïðåäñòàâëÿþò ñîáîé çà-

                        │ðîñøèå ñëåäû ïîâðåæäåíèé êàìáèàëüíîãî

                        │ñëîÿ äåðåâà ëè÷èíêàìè íåêîòîðûõ âèäîâ

                        │ìóõ.

                       

97. Ðàçáðîñàííûå        │ Ïðîæèëêè, ðàñïîëîæåííûå îäèíî÷íî

    ïðîæèëêè            │(÷åðò. 33)

98. Ãðóïïîâûå ïðîæèëêè  │ Ïðîæèëêè, ðàñïîëîæåííûå ñêó÷åííî â âèäå

    Íäï. Ãíåçäà         │ïåðåïëåòàþùèõñÿ ïîëîñîê (÷åðò. 33)

99. Ñëåäû îò ïðîæèëîê   │ Áåëåñûå èëè òåìíîâàòûå ïîëîñêè íà

                        │ïîâåðõíîñòè øïîíà, âîçíèêàþùèå îò

                        │çàëåãàþùèõ ïîä íåé íà ãëóáèíå íå áîëåå

                        │1 ìì ïðîæèëîê

100. Âíóòðåííÿÿ çàáîëîíü│ Ãîäè÷íûå ñëîè, ðàñïîëîæåííûå â çîíå

                        │ÿäðà, îêðàñêà è ñâîéñòâà êîòîðûõ áëèçêè

                        │ê îêðàñêå è ñâîéñòâàì çàáîëîíè.

                             Ïðèìå÷àíèå. Íàáëþäàåòñÿ íà òîðöàõ â

                        │âèäå îäíîãî èëè íåñêîëüêèõ êîëåö ðàçíîé

                        │øèðèíû è áîëåå ñâåòëûõ, ÷åì îêðóæàþùàÿ

                        │äðåâåñèíà, íà áîêîâûõ ïîâåðõíîñòÿõ - â

                        │âèäå ïîëîñ òàêîãî æå öâåòà. ×àñòî

                        │ñîïðîâîæäàåòñÿ ãíèëüþ.

                       

101. Âîäîñëîé           │ Ó÷àñòêè ÿäðà íåíîðìàëüíîé òåìíîé îêðàñ-

                        │êè, âîçíèêàþùèå â ðàñòóùåì äåðåâå â

                        │ðåçóëüòàòå ðåçêîãî óâåëè÷åíèÿ èõ âëàæ-

                        │íîñòè.

                             Ïðèìå÷àíèÿ. 1. Íàáëþäàåòñÿ íà

                        │òîðöàõ ñâåæåñðóáëåííîé äðåâåñèíû â âèäå

                        │ìîêðûõ, òåìíûõ, à çèìîé - ìåðçëûõ,

                        │ñòåêëîâèäíûõ ïÿòåí ðàçëè÷íîé ôîðìû è

                        │âåëè÷èíû íà ïðîäîëüíûõ ðàçðåçàõ - â âèäå

                        │ïîëîñ.

                             2. Ïðè âûñûõàíèè äðåâåñèíû òåìíàÿ

                        │îêðàñêà â áîëüøåé èëè ìåíüøåå ñòåïåíè

                        │èñ÷åçàåò, íî íà ïîâåðõíîñòè ïîÿâëÿþòñÿ

                        │ìåëêèå òðåùèíêè.

                             3. Âñòðå÷àåòñÿ íà âñåõ äðåâåñíûõ

                        │ïîðîäàõ, ÷àùå íà õâîéíûõ, è ïðåèìóùåñò-

                        │âåííî â ëåñîìàòåðèàëàõ èç êîìëåâîé ÷àñòè

                        │ñòâîëà.

 

                        ÕÈÌÈ×ÅÑÊÈÅ ÎÊÐÀÑÊÈ

 

102. Õèìè÷åñêàÿ îêðàñêà │ Íåíîðìàëüíî îêðàøåííûå ðàâíîìåðíûå ïî

     äðåâåñèíû          │öâåòó ó÷àñòêè â ñðóáëåííîé äðåâåñèíå,

     Õèìè÷åñêàÿ îêðàñêà │âîçíèêàþùèå â ðåçóëüòàòå ðàçâèòèÿ õèìè-

                        │÷åñêèõ è áèîõèìè÷åñêèõ ïðîöåññîâ, â

                        │áîëüøèíñòâå ñëó÷àåâ ñâÿçàííûå ñ îêèñëå-

                        │íèåì äóáèëüíûõ âåùåñòâ.

                             Ïðèìå÷àíèå. Ðàñïîëîæåíû îáû÷íî â

                        │ïîâåðõíîñòíûõ ñëîÿõ äðåâåñèíû (1 - 5 ìì).

                        │Ïðè âûñûõàíèè äðåâåñèíû îíè ÷àñòî

                        │â áîëüøåé èëè ìåíüøåé ñòåïåíè âûöâåòàþò.

                       

103. Ïðîäóáèíà          │ Ïîâåðõíîñòíàÿ (ãëóáèíîé äî 5 ìì)

     Íäï. Äóáèëüíûå     │êðàñíîâàòî-êîðè÷íåâàÿ èëè ñèíåâàòî-áóðàÿ

     ïîòåêè             │îêðàñêà, âîçíèêàþùàÿ â äðåâåñèíå â

                        │ðåçóëüòàòå îêèñëåíèÿ äóáèëüíûõ âåùåñòâ.

                             Ïðèìå÷àíèå. Âñòðå÷àåòñÿ íà ïîðîäàõ,

                        │äðåâåñèíà èëè êîðà êîòîðûõ áîãàòû äó-

                        │áèëüíûìè âåùåñòâàìè. Õàðàêòåðíà äëÿ

                        │ñïëàâíîé äðåâåñèíû.

                        

104. Æåëòèçíà äðåâåñèíû │ Ñâåòëî-æåëòàÿ îêðàñêà çàáîëîíè ñïëàâíîé

     Æåëòèçíà           │äðåâåñèíû õâîéíûõ ïîðîä, âîçíèêàþùàÿ ïðè

                        │åå èíòåíñèâíîé ñóøêå

105. Òåìíàÿ õèìè÷åñêàÿ  │ Õèìè÷åñêàÿ îêðàñêà, îêðàøèâàþùàÿ äðåâå-

     îêðàñêà            │ñèíó â áëåäíûå òîíà, íå ìàñêèðóþùèå åå

                        │òåêñòóðó

106. Òåìíàÿ õèìè÷åñêàÿ  │ Õèìè÷åñêàÿ îêðàñêà, îêðàøèâàþùàÿ äðå-

     îêðàñêà            │âåñèíó â ãóñòûå òîíà, ìàñêèðóþùèå åå

                        │òåêñòóðó

 

                        ÃÐÈÁÍÛÅ ÏÎÐÀÆÅÍÈß

 

107. Ãðèáíûå ÿäðîâûå    │ Íåíîðìàëüíî îêðàøåííûå ó÷àñòêè ÿäðà áåç

     ïÿòíà (ïîëîñû)     │ïîíèæåíèÿ òâåðäîñòè äðåâåñèíû,

     Íäï. Âíóòðåííÿÿ    │âîçíèêàþùèå â ðàñòóùåì äåðåâå ïîä

     òåìíèíà            │âîçäåéñòâèåì äåðåâîîêðàøèâàþùèõ è (èëè)

                        │äåðåâîðàçðóøàþùèõ ãðèáîâ (÷åðò. 58, 59

                        │è 60).

                             Ïðèìå÷àíèå. Íàáëþäàåòñÿ íà òîðöàõ â

                        │âèäå ïÿòåí ðàçíîé âåëè÷èíû è ôîðìû (ëó-

                        │íîê, êîëåö è êîíöåíòðèðîâàííîé çîíû

                        │ñïëîøíîãî ïîðàæåíèÿ öåíòðàëüíîé ÷àñòè

                        │ñòâîëà, èíîãäà ñ âûõîäîì íà ïåðèôåðèþ)

                        │áóðîãî, êðàñíîâàòîãî, ñåðîãî è ñåðî-

                        │ôèîëåòîâîãî öâåòà; íà ïðîäîëüíûõ ðàçðå-

                        │çàõ - â âèäå âûòÿíóòûõ ïÿòåí è ïîëîñ òåõ

                        │æå öâåòîâ.

                        

108. Ïëåñåíü íà äðåâå-  │ Ãðèáíèöà è ïëîäîíîøåíèÿ ïëåñíåâûõ ãðè-

     ñèíå               │áîâ íà ïîâåðõíîñòè äðåâåñèíû, â âèäå

     Ïëåñåíü            │îòäåëüíûõ ïÿòåí èëè ñïëîøíîãî íàëåòà.

                             Ïðèìå÷àíèå. Ïîÿâëÿþòñÿ ÷àùå âñåãî

                        │íà ñûðîé çàáîëîíè ïðè õðàíåíèè ëåñîìàòå-

                        │ðèàëîâ è âûçûâàþò ïîâåðõíîñòíîå îêðàøè-

                        │âàíèå äðåâåñèíû â ñèíå-çåëåíûé, ãîëóáîé,

                        │çåëåíûé, ÷åðíûé, ðîçîâûé è äðóãèå öâåòà,

                        │â çàâèñèìîñòè îò îêðàñêè ñïîð è ãðèáíè-

                        │öû, à òàêæå îò âûäåëÿåìîãî ïèãìåíòà.

                       

109. Çàáîëîííûå ãðèáíûå │ Íåíîðìàëüíî îêðàøåííûå ó÷àñòêè çàáîëîíè

     îêðàñêè            │áåç ïîíèæåíèÿ òâåðäîñòè äðåâåñèíû,

                        │âîçíèêàþùèå â ñðóáëåííîé äðåâåñèíå ïîä

                        │âîçäåéñòâèåì äåðåâîîêðàøèâàþùèõ ãðèáîâ,

                        │íå âûçûâàþùèõ îáðàçîâàíèÿ ãíèëè

                        │(÷åðò. 61 è 62).

                             Ïðèìå÷àíèÿ. 1. Ðàñïðîñòðàíÿþòñÿ

                        │âãëóáü äðåâåñèíû îò òîðöîâ è áîêîâûõ

                        │ïîâåðõíîñòåé.

                             2. Íà òîðöàõ íàáëþäàþòñÿ â âèäå

                        │ïÿòåí ðàçíîé âåëè÷èíû è ôîðìû èëè

                        │ñïëîøíîãî ïîðàæåíèÿ çàáîëîíè, íà áîêîâûõ

                        │ïîâåðõíîñòÿõ - â âèäå âûòÿíóòûõ ïÿòåí,

                        │ïîëîñ èëè ñïëîøíîãî ïîðàæåíèÿ çàáîëîíè.

                             3. Ñâîéñòâåííû âñåì äðåâåñíûì ïîðî-

                        │äàì, íî â íàèáîëüøåé ñòåïåíè - õâîéíûì.

                       

110. Ñèíåâà äðåâåñèíû   │ Ñåðàÿ îêðàñêà çàáîëîíè ñ ñèíåâàòûìè èëè

     Ñèíåâà             │çåëåíîâàòûìè îòòåíêàìè

111. Öâåòíûå çàáîëîííûå │ Îðàíæåâàÿ, æåëòàÿ, ðîçîâàÿ (äî ñâåòëî-

     ïÿòíà              │ôèîëåòîâîé) è êîðè÷íåâàÿ îêðàñêà

                        │çàáîëîíè

112. Ñâåòëûå çàáîëîííûå │ Çàáîëîííûå ãðèáíûå îêðàñêè, îêðàøèâàþ-

     ãðèáíûå îêðàñêè    │ùèå äðåâåñèíó â áëåäíûå òîíà, íå ìàñêè-

                        │ðóþùèå åå òåêñòóðó

113. Òåìíûå çàáîëîííûå  │ Çàáîëîííûå ãðèáíûå îêðàñêè, îêðàøèâàþ-

     ãðèáíûå îêðàñêè    │ùèå äðåâåñèíó â ãóñòûå òîíà, ìàñêèðóþùèå

                        │åå òåêñòóðó

114. Ïîâåðõíîñòíûå      │ Çàáîëîííûå ãðèáíûå îêðàñêè, ïðîíèêàþùèå

     çàáîëîííûå ãðèáíûå │â äðåâåñèíó íà ãëóáèíó íå áîëåå 2 ìì

     îêðàñêè           

115. Ãëóáîêèå çàáîëîííûå│ Çàáîëîííûå ãðèáíûå îêðàñêè, ïðîíèêàþùèå

     ãðèáíûå îêðàñêè    │â äðåâåñèíó íà ãëóáèíó áîëåå 2 ìì

116. Ïîäñëîéíûå çàáîëîí-│ Çàáîëîííûå ãðèáíûå îêðàñêè, ðàñïîëî-

     íûå ãðèáíûå îêðàñêè│æåííûå íà íåêîòîðîì ðàññòîÿíèè îò ïî-

     Íäï. Ñêðûòûå çàáî- │âåðõíîñòè ñîðòèìåíòà

     ëîííûå ãðèáíûå    

     îêðàñêè           

117. Ïîáóðåíèå äðåâåñèíû│ Íåíîðìàëüíî îêðàøåííûå ó÷àñòêè çàáîëîíè

     Ïîáóðåíèå          │ëèñòâåííûõ ïîðîä áóðîãî öâåòà ðàçíûõ

     Íäï. Çàäûõàíèå     │îòòåíêîâ, ðàçëè÷íîé èíòåíñèâíîñòè è ðàâ-

                        │íîìåðíîñòè, âîçíèêàþùèå â ñðóáëåííîé

                        │äðåâåñèíå â ðåçóëüòàòå ðàçâèòèÿ áèîõèìè-

                        │÷åñêèõ ïðîöåññîâ ñ ó÷àñòèåì ãðèáîâ èëè

                        │áåç íèõ è âûçûâàþùèå íåêîòîðîå ïîíèæåíèå

                        │òâåðäîñòè äðåâåñèíû (÷åðò. 63).

                             Ïðèìå÷àíèÿ. 1. Ïðåäøåñòâóåò çàáî-

                        │ëîííîé ãíèëè.  ïðîïàðåííîé äðåâåñèíå íå

                        │ðàçâèâàåòñÿ. Ðàñïðîñòðàíÿåòñÿ âãëóáü

                        │äðåâåñèíû îò òîðöîâ è áîêîâûõ ïîâåðõíîñ-

                        │òåé.

                             2. Íàáëþäàåòñÿ òîëüêî íà ðàçðåçàõ

                        │äðåâåñèíû: íà òîðöàõ â âèäå ïÿòåí ðàç-

                        │ëè÷íîé âåëè÷èíû è ôîðìû (÷àñòî âûêëèíè-

                        │âàþùèõñÿ ê öåíòðó ñîðòèìåíòà) è ñïëîøíî-

                        │ãî ïîðàæåíèÿ çàáîëîíè, íà áîêîâûõ ïîâåð-

                        │õíîñòÿõ - â âèäå âûòÿíóòûõ ïÿòåí, ïîëîñ

                        │èëè ñïëîøíîãî ïîðàæåíèÿ çàáîëîíè.  íàè-

                        │áîëüøåé ñòåïåíè ñâîéñòâåííî äðåâåñèíå

                        │áåðåçû, áóêà è îëüõè.

                       

118. Òîðöîâîå ïîáóðåíèå │ Ïîáóðåíèå, íà÷èíàþùååñÿ îò òîðöà è

                        │ðàñïðîñòðàíÿþùååñÿ âäîëü âîëîêîí

                        │äðåâåñèíû

119. Áîêîâîå ïîáóðåíèå  │ Ïîáóðåíèå, íà÷èíàþùååñÿ îò áîêîâîé

                        │ïîâåðõíîñòè êðóãëîãî ëåñîìàòåðèàëà è

                        │ðàñïðîñòðàíÿþùååñÿ ê åãî öåíòðó

120. Ãíèëü              │ Íåíîðìàëüíûå ïî öâåòó ó÷àñòêè äðåâåñèíû

                        │èëè ñ ïîíèæåíèåì òâåðäîñòè, âîçíèêàþùèå

                        │ïîä âîçäåéñòâèåì äåðåâîðàçðóøàþùèõ ãðèáîâ

121. Ïåñòðàÿ ñèòîâàÿ    │ Ãíèëü, õàðàêòåðèçóþùàÿñÿ ïîíèæåííîé

     ãíèëü              │òâåðäîñòüþ è ïåñòðîé îêðàñêîé, îáóñëîâ-

                        │ëåííîé ïðèñóòñòâèåì íà êðàñíîâàòî-áóðîì

                        │(áóðîì, ñåðî-ôèîëåòîâîì) ôîíå ïîðàæåííîé

                        │äðåâåñèíû è æåëòîâàòûõ ïÿòåí è ïîëîñ è

                        │ÿ÷åèñòîé èëè âîëîêíèñòîé ñòðóêòóðîé,

                        │ïîðàæåííàÿ äðåâåñèíà äîâîëüíî äîëãî

                        │ñîõðàíÿåò öåëüíîñòü, ïðè ñèëüíîì ðàçðó-

                        │øåíèè ñòàíîâèòñÿ ìÿãêîé è ëåãêî ðàñùåï-

                        │ëÿåòñÿ (÷åðò. 64)

122. Áóðàÿ òðåùèíîâàòàÿ │ Ãíèëü, õàðàêòåðèçóþùàÿñÿ ïîíèæåííîé

     ãíèëü              │òâåðäîñòüþ è áóðûì (èçðåäêà ñåðûì)

                        │öâåòîì ðàçëè÷íûõ îòòåíêîâ è òðåùèíîâàòîé

                        │ïðèçìàòè÷åñêîé ñòðóêòóðîé (÷åðò. 65).

                             Ïðèìå÷àíèå. Ïîðàæåííàÿ äðåâåñèíà

                        │èíîãäà ñîäåðæèò â òðåùèíàõ áåëîâàòûå èëè

                        │æåëòîâàòûå ãðèáíûå ïëåíêè. Ïðè ñèëüíîì

                        │ðàçðóøåíèè äðåâåñèíû ðàñïàäàåòñÿ íà

                        │÷àñòè è ëåãêî ðàñòèðàåòñÿ â ïîðîøîê.

                       

123. Áåëàÿ âîëîêíèñòàÿ  │ Ãíèëü, õàðàêòåðèçóþùàÿñÿ ïîíèæåííîé

     ãíèëü              │òâåðäîñòüþ è ñâåòëî-æåëòûì èëè ïî÷òè

     Íäï. Áåëàÿ         │áåëûì öâåòîì è âîëîêíèñòîé ñòðóêòóðîé

     ìðàìîðíàÿ ãíèëü    │(÷åðò. 66).

                             Ïðèìå÷àíèå. Ïîðàæåííàÿ äðåâåñèíà

                        │÷àñòî ïðèîáðåòàåò ïåñòðóþ îêðàñêó,

                        │íàïîìèíàþùóþ ðèñóíîê ìðàìîðà, â êîòîðîé

                        │ñâåòëûå ó÷àñòêè áûâàþò îòãðàíè÷åíû îò

                        │áîëåå òåìíûõ òîíêèìè ÷åðíûìè èçâèëèñòûìè

                        │ëèíèÿìè. Ïðè ñèëüíîì ðàçðóøåíèè äðåâå-

                        │ñèíà ñòàíîâèòñÿ ìÿãêîé, ëåãêî ðàñùåïëÿ-

                        │åòñÿ íà âîëîêíà è êðîøèòñÿ. Âñòðå÷àåòñÿ

                        │íà ëèñòâåííûõ ïîðîäàõ.

                       

124. Çàáîëîííàÿ ãíèëü   │ Ãíèëü, âîçíèêàþùàÿ â çàáîëîíè ñðóáëåí-

                        │íîé äðåâåñèíû, ñ æåëòîâàòî-áóðûìè èëè

                        │ðîçîâàòî-áóðûìè îòòåíêàìè ó õâîéíûõ

                        │ïîðîä; ñ ïåñòðîé îêðàñêîé, íàïîìèíàþùåé

                        │ðèñóíîê ìðàìîðà - ó ëèñòâåííûõ ïîðîä.

                             Ïðèìå÷àíèÿ. 1. Íà ïîïåðå÷íûõ ðàçðå-

                        │çàõ íàáëþäàåòñÿ â âèäå ïÿòåí ðàçíîé

                        │âåëè÷èíû è ôîðìû èëè ñïëîøíîãî ïîðàæåíèÿ

                        │çàáîëîíè, íà ïðîäîëüíûõ ðàçðåçàõ - â

                        │âèäå âûòÿíóòûõ ïÿòåí, ïîëîñ èëè ñïëîøíî-

                        │ãî ïîðàæåíèÿ çàáîëîíè.

                             2. Ðàçâèâàåòñÿ ïðè äëèòåëüíîì è

                        │íåïðàâèëüíîì õðàíåíèè, ÷àùå â êðóãëûõ

                        │ëåñîìàòåðèàëàõ, ó ëèñòâåííûõ ïîðîä

                        │îáû÷íî ñëåäóåò çà ïîáóðåíèåì è ìîæåò

                        │ïåðåõîäèòü â ÿäðî.

                       

125. Òâåðäàÿ çàáîëîííàÿ │ Çàáîëîííàÿ ãíèëü, áëèçêàÿ ïî òâåðäîñòè

     ãíèëü              │ê îêðóæàþùåé äðåâåñèíå (÷åðò. 67 è 68)

126. Ìÿãêàÿ çàáîëîííàÿ  │ Çàáîëîííàÿ ãíèëü ñ ïîíèæåííîé òâåðäîñ-

     ãíèëü              │òüþ äðåâåñèíû (÷åðò. 69 è 70)

127. ßäðîâàÿ ãíèëü      │ Ãíèëü, âîçíèêàþùàÿ â ÿäðå ðàñòóùåãî

     Íäï. Âíóòðåííÿÿ    │äåðåâà, õàðàêòåðèçóþùàÿñÿ ïîíèæåííîé

     ãíèëü              │òâåðäîñòüþ.

                             Ïðèìå÷àíèå. Íàáëþäàåòñÿ íà òîðöàõ,

                        │â âèäå ïÿòåí ðàçëè÷íîé âåëè÷èíû è ôîðìû

                        │- ëóíîê, êîëåö èëè êîíöåíòðèðîâàííîé

                        │çîíû ñïëîøíîãî ïîðàæåíèÿ öåíòðàëüíîé

                        │÷àñòè ñòâîëà, èíîãäà ñ âûõîäîì íà çàáî-

                        │ëîíü, íà ïðîäîëüíûõ ðàçðåçàõ - â âèäå

                        │âûòÿíóòûõ ïÿòåí è ïîëîñ.

                        

128. Íàðóæíàÿ òðóõëÿâàÿ │ Áóðàÿ òðåùèíîâàòàÿ ãíèëü, âîçíèêàþùàÿ

     ãíèëü              │ïðåèìóùåñòâåííî â íàðóæíîé êàê â çàáî-

                        │ëîííîé, òàê è ÿäðîâîé ÷àñòè ëåñîìàòåðèà-

                        │ëîâ, ïðè èõ íåïðàâèëüíîì äëèòåëüíîì

                        │õðàíåíèè ïîä âîçäåéñòâèåì ñèëüíûõ

                        │äåðåâîðàçðóøàþùèõ ãðèáîâ (÷åðò. 71).

                             Ïðèìå÷àíèå. Îõâàòûâàåò ëåñîìàòåðèàë

                        │ïî âñåìó ïîïåðå÷íîìó ñå÷åíèþ èëè òîëüêî

                        │ïî ÷àñòè è ðàñïðîñòðàíÿåòñÿ âãëóáü,

                        │íåðåäêî ðàçâèâàåòñÿ ïî òðåùèíàì. Íà

                        │ïîâåðõíîñòè ïîðàæåííîé äðåâåñèíû ÷àñòî

                        │íàáëþäàþòñÿ òÿæè ãðèáíèöû è ïëîäîâûå

                        │òåëà.

                       

129. Äóïëî              │ Ïîëîñòü, âîçíèêàþùàÿ è ðàñòóùåì äåðåâå

                        │â ðåçóëüòàòå ïîëíîãî ðàçðóøåíèÿ äðåâå-

                        │ñèíû äåðåâîðàçðóøàþùèìè ãðèáàìè

 

                     ÁÈÎËÎÃÈ×ÅÑÊÈÅ ÏÎÂÐÅÆÄÅÍÈß

 

130. ×åðâîòî÷èíà        │ Õîäû è îòâåðñòèÿ, ïðîäåëàííûå â äðåâå-

                        │ñèíå íàñåêîìûìè

131. Ïîâåðõíîñòíàÿ ÷åð- │ ×åðâîòî÷èíà, ïðîíèêàþùàÿ â äðåâåñèíó íà

     âîòî÷èíà           │ãëóáèíó íå áîëåå 3 ìì (÷åðò. 37)

132. Íåãëóáîêàÿ ÷åðâîòî-│ ×åðâîòî÷èíà, ïðîíèêàþùàÿ â äðåâåñèíó íà

     ÷èíà               │ãëóáèíó íå áîëåå 15 ìì â êðóãëûõ ëåñîìà-

                        │òåðèàëàõ è íå áîëåå 5 ìì - â ïèëîïðîäóê-

                        │öèè è äåòàëÿõ

133. Ãëóáîêàÿ ÷åðâîòî-  │ ×åðâîòî÷èíà, ïðîíèêàþùàÿ â äðåâåñèíó íà

     ÷èíà               │ãëóáèíó áîëåå 15 ìì â êðóãëûõ ëåñîìàòå-

                        │ðèàëàõ è áîëåå 5 ìì - â ïèëîïðîäóêöèè è

                        │äåòàëÿõ (÷åðò. 38)

134. Íåêðóïíàÿ ÷åðâîòî- │ Ãëóáîêàÿ ÷åðâîòî÷èíà ñ îòâåðñòèÿìè

     ÷èíà               │äèàìåòðîì íå áîëåå 3 ìì (÷åðò. 38)

135. Êðóïíàÿ ÷åðâîòî÷èíà│ Ãëóáîêàÿ ÷åðâîòî÷èíà ñ îòâåðñòèÿìè

                        │äèàìåòðîì áîëåå 3 ìì (÷åðò. 38)

136.  Ñêâîçíàÿ ÷åðâîòî- │ ×åðâîòî÷èíà, âûõîäÿùàÿ íà äâå ïðîòèâî-

     ÷èíà               │ïîëîæíûå ñòîðîíû

137. Ïîâðåæäåíèå äðåâå- │ Îòâåðñòèÿ â äðåâåñèíå ïèëîïðîäóêöèè èëè

     ñèíû ïàðàçèòíûìè   │äåòàëè, âîçíèêàþùèå â ðåçóëüòàòå æèçíå-

     ðàñòåíèÿìè         │äåÿòåëüíîñòè ïàðàçèòíûõ ðàñòåíèé (îìåëà,

                        │ðåìíåöâåòíèê)

138. Íåãëóáîêîå ïîâðåæ- │ Ïîâðåæäåíèå äðåâåñèíû ïàðàçèòíûìè

     äåíèå äðåâåñèíû    │ðàñòåíèÿìè íà ãëóáèíó íå áîëåå 5 ìì

     ïàðàçèòíûìè ðàñòå- │

     íèÿìè             

139. Ãëóáîêîå ïîâðåæäå- │ Ïîâðåæäåíèå äðåâåñèíû ïàðàçèòíûìè

     íèå äðåâåñèíû ïàðà-│ðàñòåíèÿìè íà ãëóáèíó áîëåå 5 ìì

     çèòíûìè ðàñòåíèÿìè │

140. Ïîâðåæäåíèå ïòèöàìè│ Ïîëîñòü â êðóãëûõ ëåñîìàòåðèàëàõ, âîç-

                        │íèêàþùàÿ â ðåçóëüòàòå æèçíåäåÿòåëüíîñòè

                        │ïòèö

 

           ÈÍÎÐÎÄÍÛÅ ÂÊËÞ×ÅÍÈß, ÌÅÕÀÍÈ×ÅÑÊÈÅ ÏÎÂÐÅÆÄÅÍÈß

                        È ÏÎÐÎÊÈ ÎÁÐÀÁÎÒÊÈ

 

141. Èíîðîäíîå âêëþ÷åíèå│ Ïðèñóòñòâóþùåå â ëåñîìàòåðèàëàõ ïîñòî-

     â äðåâåñèíå        │ðîííåå òåëî íåäðåâåñíîãî ïðîèñõîæäåíèÿ

     Èíîðîäíîå âêëþ÷åíèå│(êàìåíü, ïðîâîëîêà, ãâîçäü, ìåòàëëè÷åñ-

                        │êèé îñêîëîê).

                             Ïðèìå÷àíèå. Âíåøíèì ïðèçíàêîì

                        │ñêðûòîãî ïîðîêà â êðóãëûõ ëåñîìàòåðèàëàõ

                        │ìîãóò áûòü ìåñòíûå âçäóòèÿ è ñêëàäêè

                        │êîðû è äðåâåñèíû, âìÿòèíû, îòâåðñòèÿ íà

                        │áîêîâîé ïîâåðõíîñòè, â ïèëîïðîäóêöèè èëè

                        │äåòàëÿõ - èçìåíåíèå öâåòà îêðóæàþùåé

                        │äðåâåñèíû.

                       

142. Îáóãëåííîñòü äðå-  │ Îáãîðåëûå è îáóãëèâøèåñÿ ó÷àñòêè ïîâåð-

     âåñèíû             │õíîñòè ëåñîìàòåðèàëîâ, ïîÿâèâøèåñÿ â

     Îáóãëåííîñòü       │ðåçóëüòàòå ïîâðåæäåíèÿ îãíåì

143. Îáäèð êîðû         │ Ó÷àñòîê ïîâåðõíîñòè íåîêîðåííîãî

                        │êðóãëîãî ëåñîìàòåðèàëà, ëèøåííûé êîðû

144. Êàððà              │ Ïîâðåæäåíèå ñòâîëà, íàíåñåííîå ïðè

                        │ïîäñî÷êå, ñîïðîâîæäàþùååñÿ çàñìîëåíèåì

                        │äðåâåñèíû

145. Ñêîñ ïðîïèëà       │ Íåïåðïåíäèêóëÿðíîñòü òîðöà ïðîäîëüíîé

                        │îñè ñîðòèìåíòà

146. Îáçîë              │ ×àñòü áîêîâîé ïîâåðõíîñòè áðåâíà,

                        │ñîõðàíèâøàÿñÿ íà îáðåçíîì ïèëîìàòåðèàëå

                        │èëè äåòàëè

147. Òóïîé îáçîë        │ Îáçîë, çàíèìàþùèé ÷àñòü øèðèíû êðîìêè

148. Îñòðûé îáçîë       │ Îáçîë, çàíèìàþùèé âñþ øèðèíó êðîìêè

149. Çàêîðèíà           │ Ó÷àñòîê êîðû, ñîõðàíèâøèéñÿ íà ïîâåðõ-

                        │íîñòè øïîíà (÷åðò. 41)

150. Ðèñêè íà ïîâåðõíîñ-│ Ïåðèîäè÷åñêè ïîâòîðÿþùèåñÿ ãëóáîêèå

     òè äðåâåñèíû       │ñëåäû, îñòàâëåííûå íà ïîâåðõíîñòè ëå-

     Ðèñêè              │ñîìàòåðèàëà ðåæóùèìè èíñòðóìåíòàìè

                        │(ïèëàìè, òîðöîâûìè ôðåçàìè, ëóùèëüíûìè

                        │èëè ñòðîãàëüíûìè íîæàìè) (÷åðò. 42)

151. Âîëíèñòîñòü ïîâåðõ-│ Íåïëîñêèé ïðîïèë èëè íåðîâíîñòè íà

     íîñòè äðåâåñèíû    │ïîâåðõíîñòè ëåñîìàòåðèàëà â âèäå çà-

     Âîëíèñòîñòü        │êîíîìåðíî ÷åðåäóþùèõñÿ âîçâûøåíèé è

                        │âïàäèí äóãîîáðàçíîãî ïðîôèëÿ

152. Âîðñèñòîñòü ïîâåðõ-│ Ïðèñóòñòâèå íà ïîâåðõíîñòè ëåñîìàòåðèà-

     íîñòè äðåâåñèíû    │ëà ÷àñòî ðàñïîëîæåííûõ íåïîëíîñòüþ îò-

     Âîðñèñòîñòü        │äåëåííûõ âîëîêîí äðåâåñèíû (÷åðò. 43)

153. Ìøèñòîñòü ïîâåðõ-  │ Ïðèñóòñòâèå íà ïîâåðõíîñòè ëåñîìàòåðèà-

     íîñòè äðåâåñèíû    │ëà ÷àñòî ðàñïîëîæåííûõ ïó÷êîâ íåïîëíîñ-

     Ìøèñòîñòü          │òüþ îòäåëåííûõ âîëîêîí è ìåëêèõ ÷àñòèö

                        │äðåâåñèíû (÷åðò. 44)

154. Áàõðîìà            │ Ñïëîøíàÿ èëè ïðåðûâèñòàÿ ëåíòà ïó÷êîâ

                        │íåïîëíîñòüþ îòäåëåííûõ âîëîêîí è ÷àñòèö

                        │äðåâåñèíû íà ðåáðàõ ëåñîìàòåðèàëà

155. Çàðóá              │ Ìåñòíîå ïîâðåæäåíèå ïîâåðõíîñòè ëåñî-

                        │ìàòåðèàëîâ òîïîðîì

156. Çàïèë              │ Ìåñòíîå ïîâðåæäåíèå ïîâåðõíîñòè ëåñî-

                        │ìàòåðèàëîâ èíñòðóìåíòàìè è ìåõàíèçìàìè

                        │(íàïðèìåð, ïèëîé, òðîñîì ëåáåäêè)

157. Îòùåï              │ Îòõîäÿùàÿ îò òîðöà êðóãëîãî ëåñîìàòå-

                        │ðèàëà ñêâîçíàÿ áîêîâàÿ òðåùèíà.

                             Ïðèìå÷àíèå. Ïî ìåðå óäàëåíèÿ îò

                        │òîðöà òîëùèíà îòùåïèâøåéñÿ ÷àñòè óìåíü-

                        │øàåòñÿ. Âîçíèêàåò ïðè çàãîòîâêå èëè

                        │ðàñïèëîâêå ëåñîìàòåðèàëîâ.

                        

158. Ñêîë               │ Ó÷àñòîê ñ îòêîëîâøåéñÿ äðåâåñèíîé â

                        │ïðèòîðöîâîé çîíå ëåñîìàòåðèàëà.

                             Ïðèìå÷àíèå. Ïî ìåðå óäàëåíèÿ îò

                        │òîðöà òîëùèíà îòêîëîâøåéñÿ ÷àñòè óìåíü-

                        │øàåòñÿ. Âîçíèêàåò ïðè çàãîòîâêå èëè

                        │îáðàáîòêå ëåñîìàòåðèàëîâ.

                       

159. Êîçûðåê            │ Âûñòóïàþùèé íàä ïîâåðõíîñòüþ òîðöà

                        │ó÷àñòîê äðåâåñèíû, âîçíèêøèé â ðåçóëü-

                        │òàòå íåïîëíîãî ïîïåðå÷íîãî ïðîïèëèâàíèÿ

                        │ëåñîìàòåðèàëà

160. Çàóñåíåö           │ Êîçûðåê îñòðîé çàùåïèñòîé ôîðìû, ïðèìû-

                        │êàþùåé ê ïðîäîëüíîìó ðåáðó ïèëîïðîäóêöèè

                        │èëè äåòàëè

161. Âûðûâ              │ Óãëóáëåíèå íà ïîâåðõíîñòè ëåñîìàòåðèàëà

     Íäï. Âûùåðáèíû     │ñ íåðîâíûì ðåáðèñòûì äíîì, îáðàçîâàííîå

                        │â ðåçóëüòàòå ìåñòíîãî óäàëåíèÿ äðåâåñèíû

                        │ïðè çàãîòîâêå èëè îáðàáîòêå (÷åðò. 47).

                             Ïðèìå÷àíèå. Ñîïóòñòâóåò çàäèðàì,

                        │ñó÷êàì, íàêëîíó âîëîêîí, ñâèëåâàòîñòè è

                        │çàâèòêàì.

                       

162. Çàäèð              │ ×àñòè÷íî îòäåëåííûé è ïðèïîäíÿòûé íàä

                        │ïîâåðõíîñòüþ ëåñîìàòåðèàëà ó÷àñòîê

                        │äðåâåñèíû ñ çàùåïèñòûìè êðàÿìè.

                             Ïðèìå÷àíèÿ. 1. Ñîïóòñòâóåò ñó÷êàì,

                        │íàêëîíó âîëîêîí, ñâèëåâàòîñòè è çàâèò-

                        │êàì.

                             2. ×àñòî íàáëþäàåòñÿ â ìåñòàõ âûõî-

                        │äà ðåæóùåãî èíñòðóìåíòà èç îáðàáàòûâàå-

                        │ìîãî ëåñîìàòåðèàëà.

                       

163. Âûùåðáèíû          │ ×àñòî ðàñïîëîæåííûå íà ïîâåðõíîñòè

                        │ïèëîïðîäóêöèè èëè äåòàëè ìåëêèå óãëóá-

                        │ëåíèÿ, îáðàçîâàâøèåñÿ â ðåçóëüòàòå

                        │îòðûâà ïó÷êîâ âîëîêîí èëè ÷àñòèö

                        │äðåâåñèíû (÷åðò. 48)

164. Âìÿòèíà íà äðåâå-  │ Óãëóáëåíèå íà ïîâåðõíîñòè ëåñîìàòåðèà-

     ñèíå               │ëà, îáðàçîâàííîå â ðåçóëüòàòå ìåñòíîãî

     Âìÿòèíà            │ñìÿòèÿ äðåâåñèíû

165. Ðâàíûé òîðåö       │ Ïðèñóòñòâèå íà ïîâåðõíîñòè òîðöà ëåñî-

                        │ìàòåðèàëà ÷àñòî ðàñïîëîæåííûõ ìåëêèõ

                        │óãëóáëåíèé è ïó÷êîâ íåïîëíîñòüþ îòäåëåí-

                        │íûõ âîëîêîí è ìåëêèõ ÷àñòåé äðåâåñèíû

166. Ðÿáü øïîíà         │ Ïðèñóòñòâèå íà ïîâåðõíîñòè øïîíà ÷àñòî

     Íäï. Íåãëàäêîå     │ðàñïîëîæåííûõ ìåëêèõ óãëóáëåíèé, îðèåí-

     ëóùåíèå            │òèðîâàííûõ âäîëü âîëîêîí

167. Íàêîë              │ Ìåñòíîå ïîâðåæäåíèå ëåñîìàòåðèàëà

                        │îñòðûì ïðåäìåòîì (íàïðèìåð, áàãðîì).

                             Ïðèìå÷àíèå. Íàáëþäàåòñÿ â êðóãëûõ

                        │ëåñîìàòåðèàëàõ, ïèëîïðîäóêöèè è äåòàëÿõ

                        │â âèäå íåãëóáîêèõ (1,5 - 2,0 ñì), à â

                        │øïîíå - ñêâîçíûõ îòâåðñòèé.

                       

168. Öàðàïèíà íà äðåâå- │ Ïîâðåæäåíèå ïîâåðõíîñòè ëåñîìàòåðèàëà

     ñèíå               │îñòðûì ïðåäìåòîì â âèäå óçêîãî äëèííîãî

     Öàðàïèíà           │óãëóáëåíèÿ íîñÿùåå ñëó÷àéíûé õàðàêòåð

169. Âûõâàò             │ Óãëóáëåíèå ïî âñåé øèðèíå îáðàáàòûâàå-

                        │ìîé ïîâåðõíîñòè, âîçíèêøåå â ðåçóëüòàòå

                        │óäàëåíèÿ ïðè ôðåçåðîâàíèè ÷àñòè ïèëîïðî-

                        │äóêöèè èëè äåòàëè íèæå ïëîñêîñòè ôðåçå-

                        │ðîâàíèÿ

170. Íåïðîôðåçåðîâêà    │ Íåïðîôðåçåðîâàííûé ó÷àñòîê ïîâåðõíîñòè

     äðåâåñèíû          │ïèëîïðîäóêöèè èëè äåòàëè, ïîäâåðãàâøåéñÿ

     Íåïðîôðåçåðîâêà    │ôðåçåðîâàíèþ

171. Ãðåáåøîê           │ Ó÷àñòîê íåîáðàáîòàííîé ïîâåðõíîñòè

                        │ñîðòèìåíòà â âèäå óçêîé ïîëîñû, âûñòóïàþ-

                        │ùåé íàä îáðàáîòàííîé ïîâåðõíîñòüþ,

                        │âîçíèêàþùèé â ðåçóëüòàòå äåôåêòà ðåæóùåé

                        │êðîìêè èíñòðóìåíòà (÷åðò. 50)

172. Ïðîøëèôîâêà        │ Óäàëåíèå ïðè øëèôîâàíèè ÷àñòè ëåñîìà-

                        │òåðèàëà íèæå îáðàáàòûâàåìîé ïîâåðõíîñòè

173. Íåäîøëèôîâêà       │ Íåøëèôîâàííûé ó÷àñòîê ïîâåðõíîñòè ëåñî-

                        │ìàòåðèàëà, ïîäâåðãàâøåéñÿ øëèôîâàíèþ

174. Îæîã äðåâåñèíû     │ Ó÷àñòîê ïîâåðõíîñòè äðåâåñèíû, ïîòåì-

     Îæîã               │íåâøèé â ðåçóëüòàòå ÷àñòè÷íîãî îáóãëèâà-

                        │íèÿ îò âîçäåéñòâèÿ âûñîêèõ òåìïåðàòóð,

                        │âîçíèêàþùèõ ïðè ïîâûøåííîì òðåíèè ðåæó-

                        │ùèõ èíñòðóìåíòîâ î äðåâåñèíó

 

                        ÏÎÊÎÐÎÁËÅÍÍÎÑÒÈ

 

175. Ïîêîðîáëåííîñòü    │ Èçìåíåíèå ôîðìû ñîðòèìåíòà ïðè ðàñïè-

                        │ëîâêå, ñóøêå èëè õðàíåíèè

176. Ïðîäîëüíàÿ ïîêîðîá-│ Ïîêîðîáëåííîñòü ïî äëèíå â ïëîñêîñòè,

     ëåííîñòü ïî ïëàñòè │ïåðïåíäèêóëÿðíîé ïëàñòè

177. Ïðîñòàÿ ïîêîðîáëåí-│ Ïðîäîëüíàÿ ïîêîðîáëåííîñòü ïî ïëàñòè,

     íîñòü              │õàðàêòåðèçóþùàÿñÿ òîëüêî îäíèì èçãèáîì

178. Ñëîæíàÿ ïîêîðîáëåí-│ Ïðîäîëüíàÿ ïîêîðîáëåííîñòü ïî ïëàñòè,

     íîñòü              │õàðàêòåðèçóþùàÿñÿ íåñêîëüêèìè èçãèáàìè

179. Ïðîäîëüíàÿ ïîêîðîá-│ Ïîêîðîáëåííîñòü ïî äëèíå â ïëîñêîñòè,

     ëåííîñòü ïî êðîìêå │ïàðàëëåëüíîé ïëàñòè

180. Ïîïåðå÷íàÿ ïîêîðîá-│ Ïîêîðîáëåííîñòü ïî øèðèíå

     ëåííîñòü          

181. Êðûëîâàòîñòü       │ Ñïèðàëüíàÿ ïîêîðîáëåííîñòü ïî äëèíå

     Íäï. Âèíòîâàÿ ïîêî-│

     ðîáëåííîñòü       

 

--------------------------------

<*> Íäï. - íåäîïóñòèìûé òåðìèí

<**> Êðàòêàÿ ôîðìà òåðìèíà

 

3. ÈÇÌÅÐÅÍÈÅ ÏÎÐÎÊÎÂ ÊÐÓÃËÛÕ ËÅÑÎÌÀÒÅÐÈÀËÎÂ

 

Ïîðîêè â êðóãëûõ ëåñîìàòåðèàëàõ èçìåðÿþò â ëèíåéíûõ ìåðàõ èëè äîëÿõ ñîîòâåòñòâóþùèõ ðàçìåðîâ ñîðòèìåíòà.

3.1. Èçìåðåíèå ñó÷êîâ

3.1.1. Îòêðûòûå ñó÷êè èçìåðÿþò ïî íàèìåíüøåìó äèàìåòðó (÷åðò. 6, ðàçìåð d).

Ïðèñó÷êîâûé íàïëûâ â ðàçìåð ñó÷êà íå âêëþ÷àþò.

Äîëþ ãíèëîé äðåâåñèíû îïðåäåëÿþò âèçóàëüíî.

3.1.2. Çàðîñøèé ñó÷îê â êðóãëûõ ëåñîìàòåðèàëàõ õâîéíûõ ïîðîä íå èçìåðÿþò.

Çàðîñøèé ñó÷îê â êðóãëûõ ëåñîìàòåðèàëàõ ëèñòâåííûõ ïîðîä èçìåðÿþò ïî íàèáîëüøåìó äèàìåòðó ðàíåâîãî ïÿòíà (÷åðò. 6, ðàçìåð ) ñ ó÷åòîì òîãî, ÷òî äèàìåòð ñó÷êà ïîä íèì äëÿ áåðåçû, áóêà, ëèïû, îëüõè è ÿñåíÿ ðàâåí 0,9 è äëÿ îñèíû - 0,6 ýòîãî ðàçìåðà.

Çàðîñøèå ñó÷êè â êðóãëûõ ëåñîìàòåðèàëàõ áåðåçû äîïóñêàåòñÿ èçìåðÿòü, åñëè ýòî îáóñëîâëåíî ñïåöèôèêîé ñîðòèìåíòà, è ïî óñó áðîâêè ðàíåâîãî ïÿòíà (÷åðò. 6, ðàçìåð ñ), äëèíà êîòîðîãî ïðèìåðíî ñîîòâåòñòâóåò äèàìåòðó çàðîñøåãî ñó÷êà â ìèëëèìåòðàõ.

Ãëóáèíó çàëåãàíèÿ çàðîñøèõ ñó÷êîâ èçìåðÿþò:

â êðóãëûõ ëåñîìàòåðèàëàõ ëèñòâåííûõ ïîðîä ïî ñîîòíîøåíèþ ìåæäó íàèìåíüøèì è íàèáîëüøèì äèàìåòðàìè ðàíåâîãî ïÿòíà (÷åðò. 6, ðàçìåðû  è ) è äèàìåòðîì ñîðòèìåíòà ó ìåñòà çàðàñòàíèÿ ñó÷êà â ñîîòâåòñòâèè ñ òàáë. 2;

 

Òàáëèöà 2

 

─────────┬──────────────┬─────────────────────────────────────────

Äðåâåñíàÿ│Äèàìåòð ñîðòè-│ Ãëóáèíà çàëåãàíèÿ â âåðøèíû çàðîñøåãî

 ïîðîäà  │ìåíòà ó ìåñòà │ ñó÷êà, ìì, ïðè ñîîòíîøåíèè äèàìåòðîâ

         │çàðàñòàíèÿ                 ðàíåâûõ ïÿòåí

         │ñó÷êà, ñì     ├─────────┬──────────┬─────────┬──────────

                       │1,0 - 0,9│0,8 - 0,7 │0,6 - 0,5│0,4 - 0,3

─────────┼──────────────┼─────────┼──────────┼─────────┼──────────

Áåðåçà è │16 - 20       │-        │-         │20       │50

ÿñåíü    │24 - 28       │-        │10        │30       │70

         │32 - 36       │-        │10        │45       │90

         │40            │-        │10        │50       │105

─────────┼──────────────┼─────────┼──────────┼─────────┼──────────

Áóê      │16 - 20       │10       │25        │40       │60

         │24 - 28       │15       │30        │60       │85

         │32 - 36       │20       │40        │75       │110

         │40            │20       │50        │90       │135

─────────┼──────────────┼─────────┼──────────┼─────────┼──────────

Ëèïà     │16 - 20       │-        │15        │35       │55

         │24 - 28       │-        │25        │50       │80

         │32 - 36       │-        │30        │65       │105

         │40            │-        │35        │80       │120

─────────┼──────────────┼─────────┼──────────┼─────────┼──────────

Îëüõà    │16 - 20       │15       │30        │45       │65

÷åðíàÿ   │24 - 28       │20       │40        │65       │90

         │32 - 36       │25       │55        │90       │110

         │40            │30       │65        │100      │140

─────────┼──────────────┼─────────┼──────────┼─────────┼──────────

Îñèíà è  │16 - 20       │20       │35        │50       │65

òîïîëü   │24 - 28       │30       │50        │70       │90

         │32 - 36       │40       │70        │90       │120

         │40            │50       │80        │110      │140

 

â êðóãëûõ ëåñîìàòåðèàëàõ áåðåçû, åñëè ýòî îáóñëîâëåíî ñïåöèôèêîé ñîðòèìåíòà, äîïóñêàåòñÿ èçìåðÿòü è ïî âåëè÷èíå óãëà ìåæäó óñàìè áðîâêè ðàíåâîãî ïÿòíà (÷åðò. 6, ðàçìåð ) â ñîîòâåòñòâèè ñ òàáë. 3.

 

Òàáëèöà 3

 

──────────┬───────────────────────────────────────────────────────

 Äèàìåòð    Ãëóáèíà çàëåãàíèÿ âåðøèíû çàðîñøåãî ñó÷êà, ìì, ïðè

ñîðòèìåíòà│            óãëå ìåæäó óñàìè áðîâêè, ãðàä.

 ó ìåñòà  ├────────┬────────┬────────┬────────┬─────────┬─────────

çàðàñòàíèÿ│   60      80     100     120      140      160

ñó÷êà, ñì │                                        

──────────┼────────┼────────┼────────┼────────┼─────────┼─────────

16 - 20   │10 - 20 │20 - 30 │30 - 40 │40 - 50 │50 - 60  │60 - 70

24 - 28   │20 - 30 │30 - 40 │40 - 50 │60 - 70 │70 - 80  │80 - 90

32 - 36   │30 - 40 │50 - 60 │60 - 70 │80 - 90 │90 - 100 │100 - 110

40        │50      │70      │90      │100     │110      │120

 

3.2. Èçìåðåíèå òðåùèí

3.2.1. Òîðöîâûå òðåùèíû ìåòèêîâóþ è îòëóïíóþ èçìåðÿþò:

ïî íàèáîëüøåé øèðèíå òðåùèíû (÷åðò. 12, ðàçìåð b);

ïî íàèìåíüøåìó äèàìåòðó êðóãà, â êîòîðûé îíè ìîãóò áûòü âïèñàíû, èëè ïî íàèìåíüøåé øèðèíå íåïîâðåæäåííîé ïåðèôåðè÷åñêîé çîíû òîðöà (÷åðò. 12, ðàçìåðû ñîîòâåòñòâåííî , ,  è );

ïî íàèìåíüøåé òîëùèíå âûðåçêè, â êîòîðóþ îíè ìîãóò áûòü âïèñàíû (÷åðò. 12, ðàçìåðû ).

3.2.2. Òîðöîâóþ òðåùèíó óñóøêè èçìåðÿþò ïî ãëóáèíå.

3.2.3. Áîêîâûå òðåùèíû (ìîðîçíóþ, òðåùèíó óñóøêè) èçìåðÿþò ïî ãëóáèíå è äëèíå (÷åðò. 13, ðàçìåðû ñîîòâåòñòâåííî  è ).

Åñëè ýòî îáóñëîâëåíî ñïåöèôèêîé ñîðòèìåíòà, äîïóñêàåòñÿ èçìåðÿòü îäíèì èç óêàçàííûõ ïàðàìåòðîâ.

Ìîðîçíóþ òðåùèíó äîïóñêàåòñÿ èçìåðÿòü ïî íàèìåíüøåé òîëùèíå âûðåçêè, â êîòîðóþ îíà ìîæåò áûòü âïèñàíà (÷åðò. 13, ðàçìåð ).

3.3. Èçìåðåíèå ïîðîêîâ ôîðìû ñòâîëà

3.3.1. Ñáåæèñòîñòü èçìåðÿþò ïî ðàçíîñòè ìåæäó äèàìåòðàìè íèæíåãî è âåðõíåãî òîðöîâ ñîðòèìåíòà, îòíåñåííîé ê åãî äëèíå, è âûðàæàþò â ñàíòèìåòðàõ íà 1 ì äëèíû èëè ïðîöåíòàõ.

 êîìëåâûõ ëåñîìàòåðèàëàõ íèæíèé êîíåö ñîðòèìåíòà èçìåðÿþò íà ðàññòîÿíèè 1 ì îò íèæíåãî òîðöà.

3.3.2. Îêðóãëóþ è ðåáðèñòóþ çàêîìåëèñòîñòü èçìåðÿþò ïî ðàçíîñòè ìåæäó äèàìåòðàìè ëåñîìàòåðèàëà, èçìåðåííûìè ó êîìëåâîãî òîðöà è íà ðàññòîÿíèè 1 ì îò ýòîãî òîðöà (÷åðò. 15, ðàçìåðû  è ).

Ðåáðèñòóþ çàêîìåëèñòîñòü äîïóñêàåòñÿ, åñëè ýòî îáóñëîâëåíî ñïåöèôèêîé ñîðòèìåíòà, èçìåðÿòü ïî ðàçíîñòè ìåæäó íàèáîëüøèì è íàèìåíüøèì äèàìåòðàìè êîìëåâîãî òîðöà ëåñîìàòåðèàëà (÷åðò. 15, ðàçìåð ) èëè îòíîøåíèåì äèàìåòðà êîìëåâîãî òîðöà ê äèàìåòðó íà ðàññòîÿíèè 1 ì îò ýòîãî òîðöà.

3.3.3. Îâàëüíîñòü ñòâîëà èçìåðÿþò ïî ðàçíîñòè ìåæäó íàèáîëüøèì è íàèìåíüøèì äèàìåòðàìè ñîîòâåòñòâóþùåãî òîðöà ëåñîìàòåðèàëà.

3.3.4. Íàðîñò íà ñòâîëå èçìåðÿþò ïî åãî äëèíå è òîëùèíå (÷åðò. 16, ðàçìåðû  è ).

Åñëè ýòî îáóñëîâëåíî ñïåöèôèêîé ñîðòèìåíòà, äîïóñêàåòñÿ èçìåðÿòü îäèí èç óêàçàííûõ ïàðàìåòðîâ. Çà òîëùèíó íàðîñòà ïðèíèìàåòñÿ ðàññòîÿíèå ìåæäó ïîâåðõíîñòüþ ñòâîëà è ëèíèåé, ïðîõîäÿùåé ïàðàëëåëüíî åé íà âûñîòå íàðîñòà.

3.3.5. Ïðîñòóþ êðèâèçíó èçìåðÿþò ïî âåëè÷èíå ñòðåëû ïðîãèáà ñîðòèìåíòà â ìåñòå åãî íàèáîëüøåãî èñêðèâëåíèÿ è âûðàæàþò â öåëûõ ñàíòèìåòðàõ è îòíîñÿò êî âñåé äëèíå èñêðèâëåíèÿ, èçìåðåííîé â ìåòðàõ, èëè â ïðîöåíòàõ îò äëèíû èñêðèâëåíèÿ, èëè â äîëÿõ äèàìåòðà âåðõíåãî òîðöà (÷åðò. 17, ðàçìåð ) èëè ïî âåëè÷èíå ñòðåëû ïðîãèáà íà ìåòðîâîì ó÷àñòêå íàèáîëüøåãî èñêðèâëåíèÿ.

3.3.6. Ñëîæíóþ êðèâèçíó õàðàêòåðèçóþò âåëè÷èíîé íàèáîëüøåãî èñêðèâëåíèÿ (÷åðò. 17, ðàçìåð ), èçìåðÿåìîãî àíàëîãè÷íî ïðîñòîé êðèâèçíå.

 ñëó÷àå íåîáõîäèìîñòè èçìåðÿþò âñå ñòðåëû ïðîãèáîâ è èõ âåëè÷èíû ñóììèðóþò.

3.3.7. Ïðè èçìåðåíèè êðèâèçíû êîìëåâûõ ëåñîìàòåðèàëîâ ðàçìåð íà ïåðâîì ìåòðå îò íèæíåãî òîðöà â ðàñ÷åò íå ïðèíèìàþò.

3.3.8.  êðóãëûõ ëåñîìàòåðèàëàõ, ïðåäíàçíà÷åííûõ äëÿ ïîñëåäóþùåé ðàçäåëêè íà ÷óðàêè, êðèâèçíó èçìåðÿþò îòäåëüíî äëÿ êàæäîãî ÷óðàêà (÷åðò. 17, ðàçìåðû ).

3.4. Èçìåðåíèå ïîðîêîâ ñòðîåíèÿ äðåâåñèíû

3.4.1. Íàêëîí âîëîêîí èçìåðÿþò â íàèáîëåå òèïè÷íîì ìåñòå áîêîâîé ïîâåðõíîñòè ñîðòèìåíòà ïî âåëè÷èíå îòêëîíåíèÿ íàïðàâëåíèÿ âîëîêîí îò ëèíèè, ïàðàëëåëüíîé îñè ñîðòèìåíòà, êîòîðîå îïðåäåëÿþò ïî íàïðàâëåíèþ âîëîêîí äðåâåñèíû - íà îêîðåííûõ ñîðòèìåíòàõ (÷åðò. 19, ðàçìåð ), èëè áîðîçäîê êîðû - íà íåîêîðåííûõ ñîðòèìåíòàõ íà ïðîòÿæåíèè 1 ì (÷åðò. 19, ðàçìåð ), è âûðàæàþò â ïðîöåíòàõ èëè â öåëûõ ñàíòèìåòðàõ.  êîìëåâûõ áðåâíàõ íàêëîí âîëîêîí èçìåðÿþò íå áëèæå 1 ì îò íèæíåãî òîðöà.

Äîïóñêàåòñÿ íàêëîí âîëîêîí èçìåðÿòü íà âåðõíåì òîðöå ïî ñîîòâåòñòâóþùåé âåëè÷èíå îòêëîíåíèÿ âîëîêîí îò ëèíèè, ïàðàëëåëüíîé ïðîäîëüíîé îñè ñîðòèìåíòà íà ïðîòÿæåíèè 1 ì îò ýòîãî òîðöà (â ñàíòèìåòðàõ èëè äîëÿõ äèàìåòðà âåðõíåãî òîðöà).

3.4.2. Êðåíü èçìåðÿþò:

ïî øèðèíå è äëèíå çîíû, çàíÿòîé ïîðîêîì. Åñëè ýòî îáóñëîâëåíî ñïåöèôèêîé ñîðòèìåíòà, äîïóñêàåòñÿ èçìåðÿòü îäèí èç óêàçàííûõ ïàðàìåòðîâ;

ïî ïëîùàäè çîíû, çàíÿòîé ïîðîêîì (â ïðîöåíòàõ îò ïëîùàäè ñîîòâåòñòâóþùèõ ñòîðîí ñîðòèìåíòà).

3.4.3. Äâîéíóþ ñåðäöåâèíó íå èçìåðÿþò, ó÷èòûâàþò íàëè÷èå ïîðîêà.

3.4.4. Ñìåùåííóþ ñåðäöåâèíó èçìåðÿþò ïî îòêëîíåíèþ ñåðäöåâèíû îò ãåîìåòðè÷åñêîãî öåíòðà òîðöà è âûðàæàþò â öåëûõ ñàíòèìåòðàõ èëè â ïðîöåíòàõ îò ñðåäíåãî äèàìåòðà ñîîòâåòñòâóþùåãî òîðöà.

3.4.5. Ïàñûíîê èçìåðÿþò íî íàèìåíüøåìó äèàìåòðó.

3.4.6. Ñóõîáîêîñòü èçìåðÿþò ïî ãëóáèíå, øèðèíå è äëèíå (÷åðò. 27, ðàçìåðû ñîîòâåòñòâåííî h, b, l).

Åñëè ýòî îáóñëîâëåíî ñïåöèôèêîé ñîðòèìåíòà, äîïóñêàåòñÿ èçìåðÿòü îäèí èëè äâà èç óêàçàííûõ ïàðàìåòðîâ.

3.4.7. Îòêðûòóþ ïðîðîñòü èçìåðÿþò:

ïî íàèìåíüøåé òîëùèíå âûðåçêè, â êîòîðóþ îíà ìîæåò áûòü âïèñàíà (÷åðò. 30, ðàçìåð );

ïî ãëóáèíå è äëèíå (÷åðò. 30, ðàçìåðû ñîîòâåòñòâåííî  è ). Åñëè ýòî îáóñëîâëåíî ñïåöèôèêîé ñîðòèìåíòà, äîïóñêàåòñÿ èçìåðÿòü îäèí èç óêàçàííûõ ïàðàìåòðîâ.

Çàêðûòóþ ïðîðîñòü èçìåðÿþò:

ïî íàèìåíüøåé òîëùèíå âûðåçêè, â êîòîðóþ îíà ìîæåò áûòü âïèñàíà (÷åðò. 30, ðàçìåð );

ïî íàèìåíüøåìó äèàìåòðó êðóãà, â êîòîðûé îíà ìîæåò áûòü âïèñàíà, èëè ïî íàèìåíüøåé øèðèíå íåïîâðåæäåííîé ïåðèôåðè÷åñêîé çîíû òîðöà (÷åðò. 30, ðàçìåðû ñîîòâåòñòâåííî d èëè b).

3.4.8. Îòêðûòûé ðàê èçìåðÿþò ïî øèðèíå, äëèíå è ãëóáèíå ðàíû.

Çàêðûòûé ðàê èçìåðÿþò íî äëèíå è òîëùèíå âçäóòèÿ. Åñëè ýòî îáóñëîâëåíî ñïåöèôèêîé ñîðòèìåíòà, äîïóñêàåòñÿ èçìåðÿòü îäèí èëè äâà èç óêàçàííûõ ïàðàìåòðîâ.

3.4.9. Çàñìîëîê èçìåðÿþò:

ïî øèðèíå è äëèíå çîíû, çàíÿòîé ïîðîêîì. Åñëè ýòî îáóñëîâëåíî ñïåöèôèêîé ñîðòèìåíòà, äîïóñêàåòñÿ èçìåðÿòü îäèí èç óêàçàííûõ ïàðàìåòðîâ;

ïî ïëîùàäè çîíû, çàíÿòîé ïîðîêîì (â ïðîöåíòàõ îò ïëîùàäè ñîîòâåòñòâóþùèõ ñòîðîí ñîðòèìåíòà).

3.4.10. Ëîæíîå ÿäðî èçìåðÿþò:

ïî íàèìåíüøåìó äèàìåòðó êðóãà, â êîòîðûé îíî ìîæåò áûòü âïèñàíî, èëè ïî íàèìåíüøåé øèðèíå ñâîáîäíîé îò ïîðîêà ïåðèôåðè÷åñêîé çîíû òîðöà (÷åðò. 31, ðàçìåðû ñîîòâåòñòâåííî d èëè b);

ïî íàèìåíüøåé òîëùèíå âûðåçêè, â êîòîðóþ îíî ìîæåò áûòü âïèñàíî (÷åðò. 31, ðàçìåð à);

ïî ïëîùàäè çîíû, çàíÿòîé ïîðîêîì, â ïðîöåíòàõ îò ïëîùàäè ïîðàæåííîãî òîðöà.

3.4.11. Âíóòðåííþþ çàáîëîíü èçìåðÿþò:

ïî íàðóæíîìó äèàìåòðó è øèðèíå åå êîëüöà (÷åðò. 34, ðàçìåðû ñîîòâåòñòâåííî d è à). Åñëè ýòî îáóñëîâëåíî ñïåöèôèêîé ñîðòèìåíòà, äîïóñêàåòñÿ èçìåðÿòü îäèí èç óêàçàííûõ ïàðàìåòðîâ;

ïî íàèìåíüøåé øèðèíå ñâîáîäíîé îò ïîðîêà ïåðèôåðè÷åñêîé çîíû òîðöà (÷åðò. 34, ðàçìåð b).

3.4.12. Âîäîñëîé èçìåðÿþò:

ïî íàèìåíüøåé òîëùèíå âûðåçêè, â êîòîðóþ îí ìîæåò áûòü âïèñàí;

ïî íàèìåíüøåìó äèàìåòðó êðóãà, â êîòîðûé îí ìîæåò áûòü âïèñàí, èëè ïî íàèìåíüøåé øèðèíå ñâîáîäíîé îò ïîðîêà ïåðèôåðè÷åñêîé çîíû òîðöà;

ïî ïëîùàäè çîíû, çàíÿòîé ïîðîêîì (â ïðîöåíòàõ îò ïëîùàäè òîðöà).

3.5. Èçìåðåíèå ãðèáíûõ ïîðàæåíèé

3.5.1. Ãðèáíûå ÿäðîâûå ïÿòíà (ïîëîñû), ïåñòðóþ ñèòîâóþ ãíèëü, áóðóþ òðåùèíîâàòóþ ãíèëü, áåëóþ âîëîêíèñòóþ ãíèëü, ÿäðîâóþ ãíèëü è äóïëî èçìåðÿþò:

ïî íàèìåíüøåé òîëùèíå âûðåçêè, â êîòîðóþ îíè ìîãóò áûòü âïèñàíû (÷åðò. 35, ðàçìåðû );

ïî íàèìåíüøåìó äèàìåòðó êðóãà, â êîòîðûé îíè ìîãóò áûòü âïèñàíû, èëè ïî íàèìåíüøåé øèðèíå çäîðîâîé ïåðèôåðè÷åñêîé çîíû òîðöà (÷åðò. 35, ðàçìåðû ñîîòâåòñòâåííî  èëè );

ïî ïëîùàäè çîíû ïîðàæåíèÿ (â ïðîöåíòàõ îò ïëîùàäè ïîðàæåííîãî òîðöà).

3.5.2. Çàáîëîííûå ãðèáíûå îêðàñêè, ïîáóðåíèå è çàáîëîííóþ ãíèëü èçìåðÿþò:

ïî ãëóáèíå çîíû ïîðàæåíèÿ îò áîêîâîé ïîâåðõíîñòè (÷åðò. 36, ðàçìåðû ); äëÿ îêîðåííûõ ñîðòèìåíòîâ - è ïî äëèíå (÷åðò. 36, ðàçìåð l);

ïî ïëîùàäè çîíû ïîðàæåíèÿ (â ïðîöåíòàõ îò ïëîùàäè òîðöà èëè ïëîùàäè çàáîëîíè íà ïîðàæåííîì òîðöå);

ïî ïëîùàäè çîíû ïîðàæåíèÿ è åå ãëóáèíå îò áîêîâîé ïîâåðõíîñòè (â ñàíòèìåòðàõ èëè äîëÿõ äèàìåòðà òîðöà, â ïðîöåíòàõ îò ïëîùàäè òîðöà èëè ïëîùàäè çàáîëîíè íà òîðöå).

3.5.3. Íàðóæíóþ òðóõëÿâóþ ãíèëü íå èçìåðÿþò, ó÷èòûâàþò íàëè÷èå ïîðîêà.

3.6. Èçìåðåíèå áèîëîãè÷åñêèõ ïîâðåæäåíèé

3.6.1. Ïîâåðõíîñòíóþ ÷åðâîòî÷èíó íå èçìåðÿþò, ó÷èòûâàþò íàëè÷èå ïîðîêà.

3.6.2. Íåãëóáîêóþ è ãëóáîêóþ ÷åðâîòî÷èíó ó÷èòûâàþò ïî ðàçíîâèäíîñòÿì è èçìåðÿþò ïðè ìàññîâîì ëîêàëüíîì ïîðàæåíèè - ïî äëèíå çîíû ïîðàæåíèÿ; à ïðè åäèíè÷íûõ ÷åðâîòî÷èíàõ - ïî èõ êîëè÷åñòâó íà 1 ì äëèíû ñîðòèìåíòà.

3.6.3. Ïîâðåæäåíèå ïòèöàìè èçìåðÿþò ïî ãëóáèíå, øèðèíå è äëèíå. Åñëè ýòî îáóñëîâëåíî ñïåöèôèêîé ñîðòèìåíòà, äîïóñêàåòñÿ èçìåðÿòü îäèí èëè äâà èç óêàçàííûõ ïàðàìåòðîâ.

3.7. Èçìåðåíèå èíîðîäíûõ âêëþ÷åíèé, ìåõàíè÷åñêèõ ïîâðåæäåíèé è ïîðîêîâ îáðàáîòêè

3.7.1. Èíîðîäíîå âêëþ÷åíèå íå èçìåðÿþò, ó÷èòûâàþò íàëè÷èå ïîðîêà.

3.7.2. Îáóãëåííîñòü èçìåðÿþò:

ïî ãëóáèíå, øèðèíå è äëèíå çîíû ïîâðåæäåíèÿ (÷åðò. 39, ðàçìåðû ñîîòâåòñòâåííî h, b, l). Åñëè ýòî îáóñëîâëåíî ñïåöèôèêîé ñîðòèìåíòà, äîïóñêàåòñÿ èçìåðÿòü îäèí èëè äâà èç óêàçàííûõ ïàðàìåòðîâ;

ïî ïëîùàäè çîíû ïîâðåæäåíèÿ (â ïðîöåíòàõ îò ïëîùàäè ñîîòâåòñòâóþùèõ ñòîðîí ñîðòèìåíòà).

3.7.3. Îáäèð êîðû èçìåðÿþò:

ïî øèðèíå è äëèíå çîíû ïîâðåæäåíèÿ. Åñëè ýòî îáóñëîâëåíî ñïåöèôèêîé ñîðòèìåíòà, äîïóñêàåòñÿ èçìåðÿòü îäèí èç óêàçàííûõ ïàðàìåòðîâ;

ïî ïëîùàäè çîíû ïîâðåæäåíèÿ (â ïðîöåíòàõ îò ïëîùàäè áîêîâîé ïîâåðõíîñòè ñîðòèìåíòà).

3.7.4. Êàððó èçìåðÿþò ïî ãëóáèíå, øèðèíå è äëèíå.

Åñëè ýòî îáóñëîâëåíî ñïåöèôèêîé ñîðòèìåíòà, äîïóñêàåòñÿ èçìåðÿòü îäèí èëè äâà èç óêàçàííûõ ïàðàìåòðîâ.

3.7.5. Ñêîñ ïðîïèëà èçìåðÿþò ïî ðàçíîñòè ìåæäó íàèìåíüøåé è íàèáîëüøåé äëèíîé ñîðòèìåíòà.

3.7.6. Çàðóá, çàïèë èçìåðÿþò ïî ãëóáèíå.

3.7.7. Îòùåï, ñêîë è âûðûâ èçìåðÿþò ïî òîëùèíå, øèðèíå è äëèíå.

Åñëè ýòî îáóñëîâëåíî ñïåöèôèêîé ñîðòèìåíòà, äîïóñêàåòñÿ èçìåðÿòü îäèí èëè äâà èç óêàçàííûõ ïàðàìåòðîâ.

3.7.8. Êîçûðåê è íàêîë íå èçìåðÿþò, ó÷èòûâàþò íàëè÷èå.

 

4. ÈÇÌÅÐÅÍÈÅ ÏÎÐÎÊÎÂ Â ÏÈËÎÏÐÎÄÓÊÖÈÈ È ÄÅÒÀËßÕ

 

Ïîðîêè â ïèëîïðîäóêöèè è äåòàëÿõ èçìåðÿþò â ëèíåéíûõ ìåðàõ èëè äîëÿõ ñîîòâåòñòâóþùèõ ðàçìåðîâ ñîðòèìåíòà.

4.1. Èçìåðåíèå ñó÷êîâ

4.1.1. Íå âûõîäÿùèå íà ðåáðî êðóãëûå, îâàëüíûå, ïðîäîëãîâàòûå è ðàçâåòâëåííûå ñó÷êè èçìåðÿþò:

ïî ðàññòîÿíèþ ìåæäó êàñàòåëüíûìè ê êîíòóðó ñó÷êà, ïðîâåäåííûìè ïàðàëëåëüíî ïðîäîëüíîé îñè ñîðòèìåíòà (÷åðò. 7, ðàçìåðû );

ïî íàèìåíüøåìó äèàìåòðó ðàçðåçà ñó÷êà (÷åðò. 7, ðàçìåðû ).

4.1.2. Ñøèâíûå ñó÷êè, à òàêæå âûõîäÿùèå íà ðåáðî ïðîäîëãîâàòûå è ðàçâåòâëåííûå ñó÷êè èçìåðÿþò:

ïî ðàññòîÿíèþ ìåæäó ðåáðîì è êàñàòåëüíîé ê êîíòóðó ñó÷êà, ïðîâåäåííîé ïàðàëëåëüíî ðåáðó, ñ èçìåðåíèåì íà òîé ñòîðîíå ñîðòèìåíòà, êóäà âûõîäèò ïîïåðå÷íûé ðàçðåç ñó÷êà (÷åðò. 8, ðàçìåð à);

ïî íàèìåíüøåìó äèàìåòðó ïðîäîëüíîãî ñå÷åíèÿ ñó÷êà (÷åðò. 8, ðàçìåðû  è ).

Âûõîäÿùèå íà ðåáðî ïðîäîëãîâàòûå è ðàçâåòâëåííûå ñó÷êè, åñëè ýòî îáóñëîâëåíî ñïåöèôèêîé ñîðòèìåíòà, äîïóñêàåòñÿ èçìåðÿòü è ïî ðàññòîÿíèþ ìåæäó ðåáðîì è êàñàòåëüíîé ê êîíòóðó ñó÷êà, ïðîâåäåííîé ïàðàëëåëüíî ðåáðó, ñ èçìåðåíèåì íà òîé ñòîðîíå ñîðòèìåíòà, êóäà âûõîäèò ïðîäîëüíîå ñå÷åíèå ñó÷êà (÷åðò. 8, ðàçìåð ).

Äëÿ ðàçâåòâëåííûõ ñó÷êîâ äîïóñêàåòñÿ èçìåðÿòü, åñëè ýòî îáóñëîâëåíî ñïåöèôèêîé ñîðòèìåíòà, è ïî ñóììå ðàçìåðîâ ñîñòàâëÿþùèõ ñó÷êîâ ñ èçìåðåíèåì êàæäîãî èç íèõ ïî ñïîñîáó, ñîîòâåòñòâóþùåìó åãî ðàçíîâèäíîñòè ïî ôîðìå (÷åðò. 8, ðàçìåðû ).

4.1.3. Âûõîäÿùèå íà ðåáðî êðóãëûå è îâàëüíûå ñó÷êè èçìåðÿþò:

ïî ðàññòîÿíèþ ìåæäó ðåáðîì è êàñàòåëüíîé ê êîíòóðó ñó÷êà, ïðîâåäåííîé ïàðàëëåëüíî ðåáðó (÷åðò. 9, ðàçìåðû );

ïî ïðîòÿæåííîñòè ñó÷êà íà ðåáðå (÷åðò. 9, ðàçìåð ).

4.1.4. Ãðóïïîâûå ñó÷êè èçìåðÿþò ñóììîé ðàçìåðîâ âñåõ ñó÷êîâ, âûõîäÿùèõ íà îäíó ñòîðîíó ñîðòèìåíòà, ñ èçìåðåíèåì êàæäîãî ñó÷êà ïî ñïîñîáó, ñîîòâåòñòâóþùåìó åãî ðàçíîâèäíîñòè ïî ôîðìå (÷åðò. 9, ðàçìåðû  è ).

4.1.5. Ñó÷êè, îêðóæåííûå êîðîé, èçìåðÿþò âìåñòå ñ êîðîé ïî ñïîñîáó, ñîîòâåòñòâóþùåìó ðàçíîâèäíîñòè êàæäîãî ñó÷êà.

4.2. Èçìåðåíèå òðåùèí

4.2.1. Áîêîâûå òðåùèíû èçìåðÿþò ïî ìàêñèìàëüíîé ãëóáèíå è äëèíå. Åñëè ýòî îáóñëîâëåíî ñïåöèôèêîé ñîðòèìåíòà, äîïóñêàåòñÿ èçìåðÿòü îäèí èç óêàçàííûõ ïàðàìåòðîâ.

Äëÿ èçìåðåíèÿ ãëóáèíû áîêîâûõ òðåùèí, íå èìåþùèõ âûõîäà íà òîðöû, ïðèìåíÿþò ùóï òîëùèíîé 0,3 ìì.

4.2.2. Òîðöîâóþ òðåùèíó èçìåðÿþò ïî ãëóáèíå è ïðîòÿæåííîñòè íà òîðöå â ìèëëèìåòðàõ (÷åðò. 14, ðàçìåð à) èëè â äîëÿõ øèðèíû òîé ñòîðîíû ñîðòèìåíòà, íà êîòîðîé åå ïðîåêöèÿ áîëüøå (÷åðò. 14, ðàçìåðû  è ). Åñëè ýòî îáóñëîâëåíî ñïåöèôèêîé ñîðòèìåíòà, äîïóñêàåòñÿ èçìåðÿòü îäèí èç óêàçàííûõ ïàðàìåòðîâ.

4.2.3. Òîðöîâóþ îòëóïíóþ òðåùèíó èçìåðÿþò ïî õîðäå, åñëè åå äëèíà ìåíåå ïîëóîêðóæíîñòè ãîäè÷íîãî ñëîÿ, èëè ïî äèàìåòðó, åñëè åå äëèíà ðàâíà èëè áîëüøå ïîëóîêðóæíîñòè ãîäè÷íîãî ñëîÿ â ìèëëèìåòðàõ èëè äîëÿõ øèðèíû òîé ñòîðîíû ñîðòèìåíòà, íà êîòîðîé åå ïðîåêöèÿ áîëüøå.

4.3. Èçìåðåíèå ïîðîêîâ ôîðìû ñòâîëà

4.3.1. Ñáåæèñòîñòü íåîáðåçíîé ïèëîïðîäóêöèè èçìåðÿþò ïî ðàçíîñòè øèðèí êîìëåâîãî è âåðøèííîãî êîíöîâ ñîðòèìåíòà â ñàíòèìåòðàõ íà 1 ì äëèíû èëè â ïðîöåíòàõ.

4.3.2. Çàêîìåëèñòîñòü íåîáðåçíîé ïèëîïðîäóêöèè èçìåðÿþò ïî ðàçíîñòè øèðèí ñîðòèìåíòà ó êîìëåâîãî òîðöà è íà ðàññòîÿíèè 1 ì îò ýòîãî òîðöà.

4.3.3. Íàðîñò íà íåîáðåçíîé ïèëîïðîäóêöèè èçìåðÿþò ïî äëèíå è òîëùèíå. Åñëè ýòî îáóñëîâëåíî ñïåöèôèêîé ñîðòèìåíòà, äîïóñêàåòñÿ èçìåðÿòü îäèí èç óêàçàííûõ ïàðàìåòðîâ.

4.3.4. Ïðîñòóþ êðèâèçíó íåîáðåçíîé ïèëîïðîäóêöèè èçìåðÿþò ïî îòêëîíåíèþ îò ïðÿìîëèíåéíîñòè ñîðòèìåíòà â ìåñòå íàèáîëüøåãî èñêðèâëåíèÿ è âûðàæàþò â öåëûõ ñàíòèìåòðàõ íà 1 ì äëèíû èñêðèâëåíèÿ èëè â ïðîöåíòàõ îò äëèíû èñêðèâëåíèÿ.

Äîïóñêàåòñÿ èçìåðÿòü êðèâèçíó ïî îòêëîíåíèþ îò ïðÿìîëèíåéíîñòè íà ìåòðîâîì ó÷àñòêå â ìåñòå íàèáîëüøåãî èñêðèâëåíèÿ.

Ñëîæíóþ êðèâèçíó íåîáðåçíîé ïèëîïðîäóêöèè õàðàêòåðèçóþò âåëè÷èíîé íàèáîëüøåãî èñêðèâëåíèÿ, èçìåðÿåìîãî àíàëîãè÷íî ïðîñòîé êðèâèçíå.

4.4. Èçìåðåíèå ïîðîêîâ ñòðîåíèÿ äðåâåñèíû

4.4.1. Íàêëîí âîëîêîí èçìåðÿþò â íàèáîëåå òèïè÷íîì ìåñòå îáùåãî íàïðàâëåíèÿ âîëîêîí íà ïðîòÿæåíèè íå ìåíåå äâîéíîé øèðèíû ñîðòèìåíòà ïî âåëè÷èíå îòêëîíåíèÿ âîëîêîí îò ïðîäîëüíîé îñè ñîðòèìåíòà, íå ñ÷èòàÿ íåáîëüøèå ìåñòíûå îòêëîíåíèÿ, è âûðàæàþò â ïðîöåíòàõ (÷åðò. 20, ðàçìåðû  è ).

4.4.2. Êðåíü, òÿãîâóþ äðåâåñèíó, ñâèëåâàòîñòü, çàñìîëîê, ïÿòíèñòîñòü è âíóòðåííþþ çàáîëîíü èçìåðÿþò ïî øèðèíå è äëèíå â ëèíåéíûõ ìåðàõ èëè ïî ïëîùàäè çîíû, çàíÿòîé ïîðîêîì, âûðàæàåìûõ â äîëÿõ ðàçìåðîâ ñîðòèìåíòà, èëè â ïðîöåíòàõ ïëîùàäè ñîîòâåòñòâóþùèõ ñòîðîí ñîðòèìåíòà.

Åñëè ýòî îáóñëîâëåíî ñïåöèôèêîé ñîðòèìåíòà, äîïóñêàåòñÿ èçìåðÿòü îäèí èç óêàçàííûõ ïàðàìåòðîâ.

4.4.3. Çàâèòîê èçìåðÿþò ïî åãî øèðèíå è äëèíå è ó÷èòûâàþò ïî êîëè÷åñòâó â øòóêàõ íà 1 ì äëèíû èëè íà âñåé ñòîðîíå ñîðòèìåíòà.

4.4.4. Ðàçáðîñàííûå ãëàçêè ó÷èòûâàþò ïî êîëè÷åñòâó â øòóêàõ íà 1 ì äëèíû èëè íà âñåé ñòîðîíå ñîðòèìåíòà.

Ãðóïïîâûå ãëàçêè èçìåðÿþò ïî øèðèíå è äëèíå çàíèìàåìîé èìè çîíû è ó÷èòûâàþò ïî êîëè÷åñòâó â øòóêàõ íà 1 ì äëèíû èëè íà âñåé ñòîðîíå ñîðòèìåíòà.

4.4.5. Êàðìàøêè èçìåðÿþò ïî ãëóáèíå, øèðèíå è äëèíå è ó÷èòûâàþò ïî êîëè÷åñòâó â øòóêàõ íà 1 ì äëèíû èëè íà âñþ ñòîðîíó ñîðòèìåíòà.

4.4.6. Ñåðäöåâèíó è äâîéíóþ ñåðäöåâèíó íå èçìåðÿþò, ó÷èòûâàþò èõ íàëè÷èå.

Åñëè ýòî îáóñëîâëåíî ñïåöèôèêîé ñîðòèìåíòà, äîïóñêàåòñÿ èçìåðÿòü ãëóáèíó èõ çàëåãàíèÿ, ñ÷èòàÿ îò áëèæàéøåé áîêîâîé ïîâåðõíîñòè.

4.4.7. Ñóõîáîêîñòü íåîáðåçíîé ïèëîïðîäóêöèè èçìåðÿþò ïî ãëóáèíå, øèðèíå è äëèíå.

Åñëè ýòî îáóñëîâëåíî ñïåöèôèêîé ñîðòèìåíòà, äîïóñêàåòñÿ èçìåðÿòü îäèí èëè äâà èç óêàçàííûõ ïàðàìåòðîâ.

4.4.8. Ïðîðîñòü èçìåðÿþò ïî ãëóáèíå, äëèíå è øèðèíå è ó÷èòûâàþò ïî êîëè÷åñòâó â øòóêàõ íà 1 ì äëèíû èëè íà âåñü ñîðòèìåíò.

Åñëè ýòî îáóñëîâëåíî ñïåöèôèêîé ñîðòèìåíòà, äîïóñêàåòñÿ èçìåðÿòü îäèí èëè äâà èç óêàçàííûõ ïàðàìåòðîâ.

4.4.9. Îòêðûòûé ðàê íà íåîáðåçíîé ïèëîïðîäóêöèè èçìåðÿþò ïî øèðèíå, äëèíå è ãëóáèíå ðàíû. Çàêðûòûé ðàê èçìåðÿþò ïî äëèíå è òîëùèíå âçäóòèÿ.

Åñëè ýòî îáóñëîâëåíî ñïåöèôèêîé ñîðòèìåíòà, äîïóñêàåòñÿ èçìåðÿòü îäèí èëè äâà èç óêàçàííûõ ïàðàìåòðîâ.

4.4.10. Ëîæíîå ÿäðî èçìåðÿþò:

ïî ãëóáèíå, øèðèíå è äëèíå çîíû, çàíÿòîé ïîðîêîì. Åñëè ýòî îáóñëîâëåíî ñïåöèôèêîé ñîðòèìåíòà, äîïóñêàåòñÿ èçìåðÿòü îäèí èëè äâà èç óêàçàííûõ ïàðàìåòðîâ;

ïî ïëîùàäè çîíû, çàíÿòîé ïîðîêîì (â ïðîöåíòàõ îò ïëîùàäè ñîîòâåòñòâóþùèõ ñòîðîí ñîðòèìåíòà).

4.4.11. Âîäîñëîé èçìåðÿþò:

ïî øèðèíå è äëèíå çîíû, çàíÿòîé ïîðîêîì. Åñëè ýòî îáóñëîâëåíî ñïåöèôèêîé ñîðòèìåíòà, äîïóñêàåòñÿ èçìåðÿòü îäèí èç óêàçàííûõ ïàðàìåòðîâ;

ïî ïëîùàäè çîíû, çàíÿòîé ïîðîêîì (â ïðîöåíòàõ îò ïëîùàäè ñîîòâåòñòâóþùèõ ñòîðîí ñîðòèìåíòà).

4.5. Èçìåðåíèå õèìè÷åñêèõ îêðàñîê äðåâåñèíû

4.5.1. Õèìè÷åñêèå îêðàñêè íå èçìåðÿþò, ó÷èòûâàþò íàëè÷èå ïîðîêà. Åñëè ýòî îáóñëîâëåíî ñïåöèôèêîé ñîðòèìåíòà, äîïóñêàåòñÿ èçìåðÿòü ïëîùàäü çîíû, çàíÿòîé ïîðîêîì (â ïðîöåíòàõ îò ïëîùàäè ñîîòâåòñòâóþùèõ ñòîðîí ñîðòèìåíòà).

4.6. Èçìåðåíèå ãðèáíûõ ïîðàæåíèé

4.6.1. Ãðèáíûå ÿäðîâûå ïÿòíà è ïîëîñû, ïåñòðóþ ñèòîâóþ ãíèëü, áóðóþ òðåùèíîâàòóþ ãíèëü, áåëóþ âîëîêíèñòóþ ãíèëü, ÿäðîâóþ ãíèëü, äóïëî, çàáîëîííûå ãðèáíûå îêðàñêè, ïîáóðåíèå è çàáîëîííóþ ãíèëü èçìåðÿþò:

ïî äëèíå, ãëóáèíå è øèðèíå çîíû ïîðàæåíèÿ. Åñëè ýòî îáóñëîâëåíî ñïåöèôèêîé ñîðòèìåíòà, äîïóñêàåòñÿ èçìåðÿòü îäèí èëè äâà èç óêàçàííûõ ïàðàìåòðîâ;

ïî ïëîùàäè çîíû ïîðàæåíèÿ (â ïðîöåíòàõ ñîîòâåòñòâóþùèõ ñòîðîí ñîðòèìåíòà).

4.6.2. Íàðóæíóþ òðóõëÿâóþ ãíèëü íå èçìåðÿþò, ó÷èòûâàþò íàëè÷èå ïîðîêà.

4.6.3. Ïëåñåíü èçìåðÿþò ïî øèðèíå è äëèíå èëè ïî ïëîùàäè çîíû, çàíÿòîé ïîðîêîì, âûðàæàåìûõ â äîëÿõ ðàçìåðîâ ñîðòèìåíòà èëè â ïðîöåíòàõ ïëîùàäè ñîîòâåòñòâóþùèõ ñòîðîí ñîðòèìåíòà.

4.7. Èçìåðåíèå áèîëîãè÷åñêèõ ïîâðåæäåíèé

4.7.1. ×åðâîòî÷èíó è ïîâðåæäåíèå ïàðàçèòíûìè ðàñòåíèÿìè èçìåðÿþò ïî íàèìåíüøåìó äèàìåòðó è êîëè÷åñòâó îòâåðñòèé õîäîâ íà 1 ì äëèíû èëè íà âñþ ñòîðîíó ñîðòèìåíòà.

4.8. Èçìåðåíèå èíîðîäíûõ âêëþ÷åíèé, ìåõàíè÷åñêèõ ïîâðåæäåíèé è ïîðîêîâ îáðàáîòêè

4.8.1. Èíîðîäíîå âêëþ÷åíèå íå èçìåðÿþò, ó÷èòûâàþò íàëè÷èå ïîðîêà.

4.8.2. Îáóãëåííîñòü èçìåðÿþò:

ïî ãëóáèíå, øèðèíå è äëèíå çîíû ïîâðåæäåíèÿ. Åñëè ýòî îáóñëîâëåíî ñïåöèôèêîé ñîðòèìåíòà, äîïóñêàåòñÿ èçìåðÿòü îäèí èëè äâà èç óêàçàííûõ ïàðàìåòðîâ;

ïî ïëîùàäè çîíû ïîâðåæäåíèÿ (â ïðîöåíòàõ îò ïëîùàäè ñîîòâåòñòâóþùèõ ñòîðîí ñîðòèìåíòà).

4.8.3. Êàððó íà íåîáðåçíîé ïèëîïðîäóêöèè èçìåðÿþò ïî ãëóáèíå, øèðèíå è äëèíå. Åñëè ýòî îáóñëîâëåíî ñïåöèôèêîé ñîðòèìåíòà, äîïóñêàåòñÿ èçìåðÿòü îäèí èëè äâà èç óêàçàííûõ ïàðàìåòðîâ.

4.8.4. Ñêîñ ïðîïèëà èçìåðÿþò ïî ðàçíîñòè ìåæäó íàèìåíüøåé è íàèáîëüøåé äëèíîé ñîðòèìåíòà.

4.8.5. Îáçîë èçìåðÿþò ïî äëèíå è ìàêñèìàëüíîé ðàçíèöå ìåæäó øèðèíàìè ñòîðîí ñîðòèìåíòà (â ëèíåéíûõ ìåðàõ) èëè äîëÿõ øèðèíû ñîîòâåòñòâóþùèõ ñòîðîí (÷åðò. 40, ðàçìåðû ).

Åñëè ýòî îáóñëîâëåíî ñïåöèôèêîé ñîðòèìåíòà, äîïóñêàåòñÿ èçìåðÿòü îäèí èç óêàçàííûõ ïàðàìåòðîâ.

4.8.6. Ðèñêè, âîëíèñòîñòü, âîðñèñòîñòü, ìøèñòîñòü, íàêîë, ðâàíûé òîðåö, áàõðîìó, êîçûðåê, çàóñåíåö, âûùåðáèíû, ãðåáåøîê, îæîã íå èçìåðÿþò, îòìå÷àþò èõ íàëè÷èå â ñîðòèìåíòå.

4.8.7. Çàðóá, çàïèë, âûõâàò, îòùåï, ñêîë, âûðûâ, çàäèð, âìÿòèíó èçìåðÿþò ïî ãëóáèíå, øèðèíå è äëèíå (÷åðò. 45, 46, 49, ðàçìåðû ñîîòâåòñòâåííî h, b, l).

Åñëè ýòî îáóñëîâëåíî ñïåöèôèêîé ñîðòèìåíòà, äîïóñêàåòñÿ èçìåðÿòü îäèí èëè äâà èç óêàçàííûõ ïàðàìåòðîâ.

4.8.8. Öàðàïèíó èçìåðÿþò ïî äëèíå è ãëóáèíå.

Åñëè ýòî îáóñëîâëåíî ñïåöèôèêîé ñîðòèìåíòà, äîïóñêàåòñÿ èçìåðÿòü îäèí èç óêàçàííûõ ïàðàìåòðîâ.

4.8.9. Íåïðîôðåçåðîâêó, ïðîøëèôîâêó, íåäîøëèôîâêó èçìåðÿþò ïî ïëîùàäè çîíû, çàíÿòîé ïîðîêîì (â ïðîöåíòàõ îò ïëîùàäè ñîîòâåòñòâóþùèõ ñòîðîí ñîðòèìåíòà).

4.9. Èçìåðåíèå ïîêîðîáëåííîñòåé

4.9.1. Ïðîäîëüíóþ ïîêîðîáëåííîñòü ïî ïëàñòè è ïðîäîëüíóþ ïîêîðîáëåííîñòü ïî êðîìêå èçìåðÿþò ïî âåëè÷èíå ñòðåëû ïðîãèáà ñîðòèìåíòà (÷åðò. 51, ðàçìåðû  è ).

4.9.2. Ïîïåðå÷íóþ ïîêîðîáëåííîñòü èçìåðÿþò ïî âåëè÷èíå ñòðåëû ïðîãèáà ñîðòèìåíòà (÷åðò. 51, ðàçìåð ).

Êðûëîâàòîñòü èçìåðÿþò ïî íàèáîëüøåìó îòêëîíåíèþ ïîâåðõíîñòè ñîðòèìåíòà îò ïëîñêîñòè (÷åðò. 51, ðàçìåð ).

Ñëîæíóþ ïîêîðîáëåííîñòü èçìåðÿþò ïî âåëè÷èíå ñòðåëû ïðîãèáà íàèáîëüøåãî èç ñîñòàâëÿþùèõ åå èñêðèâëåíèé (÷åðò. 51, ðàçìåð z).

 

5. ÈÇÌÅÐÅÍÈÅ ÏÎÐÎÊÎÂ Â ØÏÎÍÅ

 

Ïîðîêè â øïîíå èçìåðÿþò â ëèíåéíûõ ìåðàõ èëè äîëÿõ ðàçìåðîâ ñîðòèìåíòà.

5.1. Èçìåðåíèå ñó÷êîâ

5.1.1.  øïîíå ñó÷êè èçìåðÿþò ïî íàèáîëüøåìó äèàìåòðó è ó÷èòûâàþò â øòóêàõ íà 1 ì2 ïëîùàäè ëèñòà.

Ñó÷êè, îêðóæåííûå êîðîé, èçìåðÿþò âìåñòå ñ êîðîé.

5.1.2. Èñêëþ÷åí ñ 1 èþëÿ 1983 ãîäà. - Èçìåíåíèå N 1, ââåäåííîå â äåéñòâèå Ïîñòàíîâëåíèåì Ãîññòàíäàðòà ÑÑÑÐ îò 19.01.1983 N 259.

5.2. Èçìåðåíèå òðåùèí

5.2.1. Ñîìêíóòûå òðåùèíû èçìåðÿþò ïî äëèíå è ó÷èòûâàþò â øòóêàõ íà 1 ì øèðèíû ëèñòà.

5.2.2. Ðàçîøåäøèåñÿ òðåùèíû èçìåðÿþò ïî äëèíå è íàèáîëüøåé øèðèíå è ó÷èòûâàþò â øòóêàõ íà 1 ì øèðèíû ëèñòà.

5.3. Èçìåðåíèå ïîðîêîâ ñòðîåíèÿ äðåâåñèíû

5.3.1. Òàíãåíòàëüíûé íàêëîí âîëîêîí è ðàäèàëüíûé íàêëîí âîëîêîí íà ðàäèàëüíîé ïîâåðõíîñòè èçìåðÿþò â íàèáîëåå òèïè÷íîì ìåñòå îáùåãî íàïðàâëåíèÿ âîëîêîí ïî âåëè÷èíå èõ îòêëîíåíèÿ îò ëèíèè, ïàðàëëåëüíîé ïðîäîëüíîé îñè ëèñòà (â ïðîöåíòàõ îò äëèíû, íà êîòîðîé ýòî îòêëîíåíèå èçìåðåíî) (÷åðò. 20, ðàçìåð  è ).

5.3.2. Ðàäèàëüíûé íàêëîí âîëîêîí íà òàíãåíòàëüíîé ïîâåðõíîñòè èçìåðÿþò ïî ñðåäíåé øèðèíå ïåðåðåçàííûõ ãîäè÷íûõ ñëîåâ íà îòðåçêå äëèíîé 100 ìì, â òîì ó÷àñòêå ëèñòà, ãäå ñëîè ðàñïîëîæåíû íàèáîëåå ÷àñòî (÷åðò. 20, ðàçìåð ).

5.3.3. Êðåíü, òÿãîâóþ äðåâåñèíó, ñâèëåâàòîñòü, çàâèòîê, çàñìîëîê, ïÿòíèñòîñòü, âíóòðåííþþ çàáîëîíü, ëîæíîå ÿäðî èçìåðÿþò ïî øèðèíå è äëèíå çàíèìàåìîé èìè çîíû èëè âûðàæàþò â ïðîöåíòàõ ïëîùàäè ëèñòà. Åñëè ýòî îáóñëîâëåíî ñïåöèôèêîé ñîðòèìåíòà, äîïóñêàåòñÿ èçìåðÿòü îäèí èç óêàçàííûõ ïàðàìåòðîâ.

5.3.4. Ðàçáðîñàííûå ãëàçêè ó÷èòûâàþò ïî êîëè÷åñòâó â øòóêàõ íà 1 ì2 ëèñòà èëè âñåé åãî ïëîùàäè.

Ãðóïïîâûå ãëàçêè èçìåðÿþò ïî øèðèíå è äëèíå çàíèìàåìîé èìè çîíû â ìèëëèìåòðàõ èëè âûðàæàþò â ïðîöåíòàõ ïëîùàäè ëèñòà.

5.3.5. Êàðìàøêè è ïðîðîñòü èçìåðÿþò ïî øèðèíå è äëèíå è ó÷èòûâàþò ïî êîëè÷åñòâó â øòóêàõ íà 1 ì2 èëè âñþ ïëîùàäü ëèñòà. Åñëè ýòî îáóñëîâëåíî ñïåöèôèêîé ñîðòèìåíòà, äîïóñêàåòñÿ èçìåðÿòü îäèí èç óêàçàííûõ ïàðàìåòðîâ.

5.4. Èçìåðåíèå õèìè÷åñêèõ îêðàñîê

5.4.1. Õèìè÷åñêèå îêðàñêè (ïðîäóáèíó, æåëòèçíó) èçìåðÿþò ïî äëèíå è øèðèíå çîíû ïîðàæåíèÿ â ìèëëèìåòðàõ èëè ïî åå ïëîùàäè â ïðîöåíòàõ îò ïëîùàäè ëèñòà.

5.5. Èçìåðåíèå ãðèáíûõ ïîðàæåíèé

5.5.1. Ãðèáíûå ÿäðîâûå ïÿòíà è ïîëîñû, ÿäðîâóþ ãíèëü, çàáîëîííûå ãðèáíûå îêðàñêè, ïëåñåíü, ïîáóðåíèå è çàáîëîííóþ ãíèëü èçìåðÿþò:

ïî äëèíå è øèðèíå çîíû ïîðàæåíèÿ. Åñëè ýòî îáóñëîâëåíî ñïåöèôèêîé ñîðòèìåíòà, äîïóñêàåòñÿ èçìåðÿòü îäèí èëè äâà èç óêàçàííûõ ïàðàìåòðîâ;

ïî ïëîùàäè çîíû ïîðàæåíèÿ (â ïðîöåíòàõ ïëîùàäè ëèñòà).

5.6. Èçìåðåíèå áèîëîãè÷åñêèõ ïîâðåæäåíèé

5.6.1. ×åðâîòî÷èíó èçìåðÿþò ïî íàèáîëüøåìó äèàìåòðó è ó÷èòûâàþò ïî êîëè÷åñòâó â øòóêàõ íà 1 ì2 èëè âñþ ïëîùàäü ëèñòà.

5.7. Èçìåðåíèå èíîðîäíûõ âêëþ÷åíèé, ìåõàíè÷åñêèõ ïîâðåæäåíèé è ïîðîêîâ îáðàáîòêè

5.7.1. Çàêîðèíó èçìåðÿþò ïî äëèíå è øèðèíå èëè ïî ïëîùàäè çàíèìàåìîé çîíû â ïðîöåíòàõ îò ïëîùàäè ëèñòà.

5.7.2. Âîðñèñòîñòü, ìøèñòîñòü, ðÿáü øïîíà, ãðåáåøîê íå èçìåðÿþò, îòìå÷àþò èõ íàëè÷èå èëè ñðàâíèâàþò ñ îáðàçöàìè ýòàëîíàìè.

5.7.3. Âûðûâ, âìÿòèíó èçìåðÿþò ïî ãëóáèíå.

5.7.3à. Ðèñêè è öàðàïèíû íå èçìåðÿþò, à ôèêñèðóþò èõ íàëè÷èå.

5.7.4. Íàêîë èçìåðÿþò ïî íàèáîëüøåìó äèàìåòðó (ðàçìåðó) è ó÷èòûâàþò â øòóêàõ íà 1 ì2 ïëîùàäè ëèñòà.

 

 

 

ÀËÔÀÂÈÒÍÛÉ ÓÊÀÇÀÒÅËÜ ÒÅÐÌÈÍÎÂ

 

Áàõðîìà                                                        154

Âêëþ÷åíèå èíîðîäíîå                                            141

Âêëþ÷åíèå èíîðîäíîå â äðåâåñèíå                                141

Âìÿòèíà                                                        164

Âìÿòèíà íà äðåâåñèíå                                           164

Âîäîñëîé                                                       101

Âîëíèñòîñòü                                                    151

Âîëíèñòîñòü ïîâåðõíîñòè äðåâåñèíû                              151

Âîðñèñòîñòü                                                    152

Âîðñèñòîñòü ïîâåðõíîñòè äðåâåñèíû                              152

Âûðûâ                                                          161

Âûõâàò                                                         169

Âûùåðáèíû                                                      161

Âûùåðáèíû                                                      163

Ãëàçêè                                                          67

Ãëàçêè ãðóïïîâûå                                                69

Ãëàçêè ðàçáðîñàííûå                                             68

Ãëàçêè ñâåòëûå                                                  70

Ãëàçêè òåìíûå                                                   71

Ãíåçäà                                                          98

Ãíèëü                                                          120

Ãíèëü âíóòðåííÿÿ                                               127

Ãíèëü çàáîëîííàÿ                                               124

Ãíèëü çàáîëîííàÿ ìÿãêàÿ                                        126

Ãíèëü çàáîëîííàÿ òâåðäàÿ                                       125

Ãíèëü áåëàÿ âîëîêíèñòàÿ                                        123

Ãíèëü áóðàÿ òðåùèíîâàòàÿ                                       122

Ãíèëü ìðàìîðíàÿ áåëàÿ                                          123

Ãíèëü íàðóæíàÿ òðóõëÿâàÿ                                       128

Ãíèëü ïåñòðàÿ ñèòîâàÿ                                          121

Ãíèëü ÿäðîâàÿ                                                  127

Ãðåáåøîê                                                       171

Äðåâåñèíà ñâèëåâàòàÿ                                            61

Äðåâåñèíà òÿãîâàÿ                                               60

Äóïëî                                                          129

Æåëòèçíà                                                       104

Æåëòèçíà äðåâåñèíû                                             104

Çàáîëîíü âíóòðåííÿÿ                                            100

Çàâèòîê                                                         64

Çàâèòîê îäíîñòîðîííèé                                           65

Çàâèòîê ñêâîçíîé                                                66

Çàäèð                                                          162

Çàäûõàíèå                                                      117

Çàêîìåëèñòîñòü                                                  46

Çàêîìåëèñòîñòü îêðóãëàÿ                                         47

Çàêîìåëèñòîñòü ðåáðèñòàÿ                                        48

Çàêîðèíà                                                       149

Çàïèë                                                          156

Çàðóá                                                          155

Çàñìîëîê                                                        91

Çàóñåíåö                                                       160

Êàðìàøåê                                                        72

Êàðìàøåê ñìîëÿíîé                                               72

Êàðìàøåê îäíîñòîðîííèé                                          73

Êàðìàøåê ñêâîçíîé                                               74

Êàððà                                                          144

Êîçûðåê                                                        159

Êðåíü                                                           57

Êðåíü ìåñòíàÿ                                                   58

Êðåíü ïðîæèëêîâàÿ                                               58

Êðåíü ñïëîøíàÿ                                                  59

Êðèâèçíà                                                        51

Êðèâèçíà ñòâîëà                                                 51

Êðèâèçíà îäíîñòîðîííÿÿ                                          52

Êðèâèçíà ïðîñòàÿ                                                52

Êðèâèçíà ðàçíîñòîðîííÿÿ                                         53

Êðèâèçíà ñëîæíàÿ                                                53

Êðûëîâàòîñòü                                                   181

Êîñîñëîé                                                        54

Ëóùåíèå íåãëàäêîå                                              166

Ìåòèê                                                           29

Ìîðîçîáîèíû                                                     33

Ìøèñòîñòü                                                      153

Ìøèñòîñòü ïîâåðõíîñòè äðåâåñèíû                                153

Íàêëîí âîëîêîí                                                  54

Íàêëîí âîëîêîí ðàäèàëüíûé                                       56

Íàêëîí âîëîêîí òàíãåíòàëüíûé (òàíãåíöèàëüíûé)                   55

Íàêîë                                                          167

Íàðîñò íà ñòâîëå                                                50

Íàðîñò                                                          50

Íàïëûâ                                                          50

Íåäîøëèôîâêà                                                   173

Íåïðîôðåçåðîâêà                                                170

Íåïðîôðåçåðîâêà äðåâåñèíû                                      170

Îáäèð êîðû                                                     143

Îáçîë                                                          146

Îáçîë îñòðûé                                                   148

Îáçîë òóïîé                                                    147

Îáóãëåííîñòü                                                   142

Îáóãëåííîñòü äðåâåñèíû                                         142

Îâàëüíîñòü                                                      49

Îâàëüíîñòü ñòâîëà                                               49

Îæîã                                                           174

Îæîã äðåâåñèíû                                                 174

Îêðàñêà äðåâåñèíû õèìè÷åñêàÿ                                   102

Îêðàñêà õèìè÷åñêàÿ                                             102

Îêðàñêà õèìè÷åñêàÿ ñâåòëàÿ                                     105

Îêðàñêà õèìè÷åñêàÿ òåìíàÿ                                      106

Îêðàñêè çàáîëîííûå ãðèáíûå                                     109

Îêðàñêè çàáîëîííûå ãðèáíûå ãëóáîêèå                            115

Îêðàñêè çàáîëîííûå ãðèáíûå ïîâåðõíîñòíûå                       114

Îêðàñêè çàáîëîííûå ãðèáíûå ïîäñëîéíûå                          116

Îêðàñêè çàáîëîííûå ãðèáíûå ñâåòëûå                             112

Îêðàñêè çàáîëîííûå ãðèáíûå ñêðûòûå                             116

Îêðàñêè çàáîëîííûå ãðèáíûå òåìíûå                              113

Îòëóï                                                           32

Îòùåï                                                          157

Ïàñûíîê                                                         78

Ïåðåðåçàíèå ãîäîâûõ ñëîåâ Íäï                                   56

Ïëåñåíü                                                        108

Ïëåñåíü íà äðåâåñèíå                                           108

Ïîáóðåíèå                                                      117

Ïîáóðåíèå äðåâåñèíû                                            117

Ïîáóðåíèå áîêîâîå                                              119

Ïîáóðåíèå òîðöîâîå                                             118

Ïîâðåæäåíèå äðåâåñèíû ïàðàçèòíûìè ðàñòåíèÿìè                   137

Ïîâðåæäåíèå äðåâåñèíû ïàðàçèòíûìè ðàñòåíèÿìè ãëóáîêîå          139

Ïîâðåæäåíèå äðåâåñèíû ïàðàçèòíûìè ðàñòåíèÿìè íåãëóáîêîå        138

Ïîâðåæäåíèå ïòèöàìè                                            140

Ïîâòîðåíèÿ ñåðäöåâèííûå                                         96

Ïîêîðîáëåííîñòü                                                175

Ïîêîðîáëåííîñòü âèíòîâàÿ                                       181

Ïîêîðîáëåííîñòü ïîïåðå÷íàÿ                                     180

Ïîêîðîáëåííîñòü ïðîäîëüíàÿ ïî êðîìêå                           179

Ïîêîðîáëåííîñòü ïðîäîëüíàÿ ïî ïëàñòè                           176

Ïîêîðîáëåííîñòü ïðîñòàÿ                                        177

Ïîêîðîáëåííîñòü ñëîæíàÿ                                        178

Ïîòåêè äóáèëüíûå                                               103

Ïðîäóáèíà                                                      103

Ïðîæèëêè                                                        96

Ïðîæèëêè ãðóïïîâûå                                              98

Ïðîæèëêè ðàçáðîñàííûå                                           97

Ïðîðîñòü                                                        80

Ïðîðîñòü çàêðûòàÿ                                               84

Ïðîðîñòü îäíîñòîðîííÿÿ                                          82

Ïðîðîñòü îòêðûòàÿ                                               81

Ïðîðîñòü ñâåòëàÿ                                                86

Ïðîðîñòü ñêâîçíàÿ                                               83

Ïðîðîñòü ñðîñøàÿñÿ                                              85

Ïðîðîñòü òåìíàÿ                                                 87

Ïðîøëèôîâêà                                                    172

Ïÿòíà çàáîëîííûå öâåòíûå                                       111

Ïÿòíà (ïîëîñû) ãðèáíûå ÿäðîâûå                                 107

Ïÿòíèñòîñòü äðåâåñèíû                                           93

Ïÿòíèñòîñòü                                                     93

Ïÿòíèñòîñòü ðàäèàëüíàÿ                                          95

Ïÿòíèñòîñòü òàíãåíòàëüíàÿ                                       94

Ðàê                                                             88

Ðàê çàêðûòûé                                                    90

Ðàê îòêðûòûé                                                    89

Ðèñêè                                                          150

Ðèñêè íà ïîâåðõíîñòè äðåâåñèíû                                 150

Ðîéêà                                                           48

Ðÿáü øïîíà                                                     166

Ñáåæèñòîñòü                                                     45

Ñâèëåâàòîñòü                                                    61

Ñâèëåâàòîñòü âîëíèñòàÿ                                          62

Ñâèëåâàòîñòü ïóòàíàÿ                                            63

Ñåðäöåâèíà                                                      75

Ñåðäöåâèíà äâîéíàÿ                                              76

Ñåðäöåâèíà ñìåùåííàÿ                                            77

Ñëåäû îò ïðîæèëîê                                               99

Ñèíåâà                                                         110

Ñèíåâà äðåâåñèíû                                               110

Ñêîë                                                           158

Ñêîñ ïðîïèëà                                                   145

Ñóõîáîêîñòü                                                     79

Ñóõîáî÷èíà                                                      79

Ñó÷êè ãðóïïîâûå                                                 12

Ñó÷êè ëàï÷àòûå                                                  13

Ñó÷êè íåñðîñøèåñÿ âûïàäàþùèå                                    17

Ñó÷êè ðàçáðîñàííûå                                              11

Ñó÷êè ðàçâåòâëåííûå                                             13

Ñó÷êè òåìíûå ïðîñìîëåííûå                                       20

Ñó÷îê                                                            1

Ñó÷îê âûïàäàþùèé                                                17

Ñó÷îê ãíèëîé                                                    23

Ñó÷îê çàãíèâøèé                                                 22

Ñó÷îê çàðîñøèé                                                  27

Ñó÷îê çäîðîâûé                                                  18

Ñó÷îê çäîðîâûé ñ òðåùèíàìè                                      21

Ñó÷îê çäîðîâûé ñâåòëûé                                          19

Ñó÷îê çäîðîâûé òåìíûé                                           20

Ñó÷îê êðîìî÷íûé                                                  7

Ñó÷îê êðóãëûé                                                    3

Ñó÷îê íåñðîñøèéñÿ                                               16

Ñó÷îê îâàëüíûé                                                   4

Ñó÷îê îäíîñòîðîííèé                                             25

Ñó÷îê îòêðûòûé                                                   2

Ñó÷îê ïëàñòåâîé                                                  6

Ñó÷îê ïðîäîëãîâàòûé                                              5

Ñó÷îê ðåáðîâûé                                                   8

Ñó÷îê ñêâîçíîé                                                  26

Ñó÷îê ñðîñøèéñÿ                                                 14

Ñó÷îê ñøèâíîé                                                   10

Ñó÷îê òàáà÷íûé                                                  24

Ñó÷îê òîðöîâûé                                                   9

Ñó÷îê ÷àñòè÷íî ñðîñøèéñÿ                                        15

Òåìíèíà âíóòðåííÿÿ                                             107

Òîðåö ðâàíûé                                                   165

Òðåùèíà                                                         28

Òðåùèíà áîêîâàÿ                                                 35

Òðåùèíà â äðåâåñèíå                                             28

Òðåùèíà ãëóáîêàÿ                                                41

Òðåùèíà çâåçä÷àòàÿ                                              31

Òðåùèíà êðîìî÷íàÿ                                               37

Òðåùèíà ìåòèêîâàÿ                                               29

Òðåùèíà ìåòèêîâàÿ ïðîñòàÿ                                       30

Òðåùèíà ìåòèêîâàÿ ñëîæíàÿ                                       31

Òðåùèíà ìîðîçíàÿ                                                33

Òðåùèíà íåãëóáîêàÿ                                              40

Òðåùèíà íåñêâîçíàÿ                                              39

Òðåùèíà îòëóïíàÿ                                                32

Òðåùèíà ïëàñòåâàÿ                                               36

Òðåùèíà ðàçîøåäøàÿñÿ                                            44

Òðåùèíà ñêâîçíàÿ                                                42

Òðåùèíà ñîìêíóòàÿ                                               43

Òðåùèíà òîðöîâàÿ                                                38

Òðåùèíà óñóøêè                                                  34

Òðóáêà ñåðäöåâèííàÿ                                             75

×åëíîêè                                                         95

×åðâîòî÷èíà                                                    130

×åðâîòî÷èíà ãëóáîêàÿ                                           133

×åðâîòî÷èíà êðóïíàÿ                                            135

×åðâîòî÷èíà íåãëóáîêàÿ                                         132

×åðâîòî÷èíà íåêðóïíàÿ                                          134

×åðâîòî÷èíà ïîâåðõíîñòíàÿ                                      131

×åðâîòî÷èíà ñêâîçíàÿ                                           136

Ùåòêè                                                           69

Öàðàïèíà                                                       168

Öàðàïèíà íà äðåâåñèíå                                          168

ßäðî ëîæíîå                                                     92

 

 

 

 

 

Ïðèëîæåíèå 1

Ñïðàâî÷íîå

 

ÂËÈßÍÈÅ ÏÎÐÎÊΠÍÀ ÊÀ×ÅÑÒÂÎ ÄÐÅÂÅÑÈÍÛ

 

1. ÑÓ×ÊÈ

 

Ñó÷êè óõóäøàþò âíåøíèé âèä äðåâåñèíû, íàðóøàþò îäíîðîäíîñòü åå ñòðîåíèÿ, à èíîãäà è öåëîñòíîñòü, âûçûâàþò èñêðèâëåíèå âîëîêîí è ãîäè÷íûõ ñëîåâ, çàòðóäíÿþò ìåõàíè÷åñêóþ îáðàáîòêó.

Îòðèöàòåëüíî ñêàçûâàþòñÿ íà êà÷åñòâå ëåñîìàòåðèàëîâ ðàçìåðû ñó÷êîâ, èõ ôîðìà, ïîëîæåíèå â ñîðòèìåíòå, âçàèìíîå ðàñïîëîæåíèå, ñòåïåíü ñðàñòàíèÿ ñ îêðóæàþùåé äðåâåñèíîé è ò.ä. Ñó÷êè, îñîáåííî ðåáðîâûå, ïðîäîëãîâàòûå, ñøèâíûå è ãðóïïîâûå, ñíèæàþò ïðî÷íîñòü ïèëîïðîäóêöèè è äåòàëåé ïðè ðàñòÿæåíèè âäîëü âîëîêîí è èçãèáå. Ïðè ïîïåðå÷íîì ñæàòèè è ïðîäîëüíîì ñêàëûâàíèè ñó÷êè ïîâûøàþò ïðî÷íîñòü äðåâåñèíû. Òàáà÷íûå ñó÷êè óêàçûâàþò íà íàëè÷èå â äðåâåñèíå ÿäðîâîé ãíèëè, òàê êàê â êðóãëûõ ëåñîìàòåðèàëàõ ãíèëü ìîæåò áûòü ñêðûòîé è íå âûõîäèòü íà òîðöû.

 

2. ÒÐÅÙÈÍÛ

 

Òðåùèíû, îñîáåííî ñêâîçíûå, íàðóøàþò öåëîñòíîñòü ëåñîìàòåðèàëîâ è â íåêîòîðûõ ñëó÷àÿõ ñíèæàþò èõ ìåõàíè÷åñêóþ ïðî÷íîñòü.

 

3. ÏÎÐÎÊÈ ÔÎÐÌÛ ÑÒÂÎËÀ

 

Ñáåæèñòîñòü óâåëè÷èâàåò êîëè÷åñòâî îòõîäîâ ïðè ðàñïèëîâêå è ëóùåíèè êðóãëûõ ëåñîìàòåðèàëîâ è ðàñêðîå ïèëîïðîäóêöèè, îáóñëàâëèâàåò ïîÿâëåíèå â ïèëîïðîäóêöèè, äåòàëÿõ è øïîíå ðàäèàëüíîãî íàêëîíà âîëîêîí.

Çàêîìåëèñòîñòü çàòðóäíÿåò èñïîëüçîâàíèå êðóãëûõ ëåñîìàòåðèàëîâ ïî íàçíà÷åíèþ, óâåëè÷èâàåò êîëè÷åñòâî îòõîäîâ ïðè ðàñïèëîâêå è ëóùåíèè êðóãëûõ ëåñîìàòåðèàëîâ è ðàñêðîå ïèëîïðîäóêöèè, îáóñëàâëèâàåò ïîÿâëåíèå â ïèëîïðîäóêöèè, äåòàëÿõ è øïîíå ðàäèàëüíîãî íàêëîíà âîëîêîí.

Îâàëüíîñòü ìîæåò çàòðóäíÿòü èñïîëüçîâàíèå êðóãëûõ ëåñîìàòåðèàëîâ, óâåëè÷èâàåò êîëè÷åñòâî îòõîäîâ ïðè ëóùåíèè, ÿâëÿåòñÿ âíåøíèì ïðèçíàêîì ïðèñóòñòâèÿ â ñòâîëå êðåíè è òÿãîâîé äðåâåñèíû.

Íàðîñò çàòðóäíÿåò èñïîëüçîâàíèå êðóãëûõ ëåñîìàòåðèàëîâ ïî íàçíà÷åíèþ è îñëîæíÿåò èõ ïåðåðàáîòêó.

Êðèâèçíà çàòðóäíÿåò èñïîëüçîâàíèå êðóãëûõ ëåñîìàòåðèàëîâ ïî íàçíà÷åíèþ, óâåëè÷èâàåò êîëè÷åñòâî îòõîäîâ ïðè ðàñïèëîâêå è ëóùåíèè êðóãëûõ ëåñîìàòåðèàëîâ è ðàñêðîå ïèëîïðîäóêöèè, îáóñëàâëèâàåò ïîÿâëåíèå â ïèëîïðîäóêöèè, äåòàëÿõ è øïîíå ðàäèàëüíîãî íàêëîíà âîëîêîí, ñíèæàåò ïðåäåë ïðî÷íîñòè íà ñæàòèå äëÿ ëåñîìàòåðèàëîâ, èñïîëüçóåìûõ â êðóãëîì âèäå.

 

4. ÏÎÐÎÊÈ ÑÒÐÎÅÍÈß ÄÐÅÂÅÑÈÍÛ

 

Íàêëîí âîëîêîì óâåëè÷èâàåò ïðî÷íîñòü äðåâåñèíû ïðè ðàñêàëûâàíèè, çàòðóäíÿåò åå ìåõàíè÷åñêóþ îáðàáîòêó (ñòðîæêó è òåñêó), ñíèæàåò ñïîñîáíîñòü ê ãíóòüþ, ñíèæàåò ïðî÷íîñòü ïèëîïðîäóêöèè, äåòàëåé è øïîíà ïðè ðàñòÿæåíèè âäîëü âîëîêîí è èçãèáå. Ïèëîïðîäóêöèÿ ñ òàíãåíòàëüíûì íàêëîíîì âîëîêîí îòëè÷àåòñÿ ïîâûøåííîé ïðîäîëüíîé óñóøêîé è êîðîáëåíèåì.

Êðåíü ïîâûøàåò òâåðäîñòü äðåâåñèíû è åå ïðî÷íîñòü ïðè ñæàòèè è ñòàòè÷åñêîì èçãèáå, ñíèæàåò óäàðíóþ âÿçêîñòü ïðè èçãèáå è ïðî÷íîñòü ïðè ðàñòÿæåíèè, ðåçêî óâåëè÷èâàåò óñóøêó âäîëü âîëîêîí, îáóñëàâëèâàÿ ýòèì ïîâûøåííóþ ñêëîííîñòü ïèëîïðîäóêöèè è äåòàëåé ê ðàñòðåñêèâàíèþ è ïðîäîëüíîìó êîðîáëåíèþ, ñóùåñòâåííî óìåíüøàåò âîäîïîãëîùåíèå äðåâåñèíû, çàòðóäíÿÿ åå ïðîïèòêó, óõóäøàåò âíåøíèé âèä.

Òÿãîâàÿ äðåâåñèíà ïîâûøàåò ïðî÷íîñòü äðåâåñèíû ïðè ðàñòÿæåíèè âäîëü âîëîêîí è óäàðíóþ âÿçêîñòü ïðè èçãèáå, ñíèæàåò ïðî÷íîñòü ïðè ñæàòèè âîëîêîí è ñòàòè÷åñêîì èçãèáå, ïîâûøàåò óñóøêó âî âñåõ íàïðàâëåíèÿõ, îñîáåííî âäîëü âîëîêîí, ÷òî ñïîñîáñòâóåò ïîÿâëåíèþ êîðîáëåíèÿ è òðåùèí, çàòðóäíÿåò îáðàáîòêó, ïðèâîäÿ ê îáðàçîâàíèþ âîðñèñòîñòè è ìøèñòîñòè ïîâåðõíîñòåé.

Ñâèëåâàòîñòü ñíèæàåò ïðî÷íîñòü äðåâåñèíû ïðè ðàñòÿæåíèè, ñæàòèè è èçãèáå, ïîâûøàåò ïðî÷íîñòü äðåâåñèíû ïðè ðàñêàëûâàíèè, à òàêæå ïðè ñêàëûâàíèè â ïðîäîëüíîì íàïðàâëåíèè, çàòðóäíÿåò ñòðîæêó è òåñêó äðåâåñèíû.

Çàâèòîê, îñîáåííî ñêâîçíîé, ñíèæàåò ïðî÷íîñòü äðåâåñèíû ïðè ñæàòèè è ðàñòÿæåíèè âäîëü âîëîêîí è ïðè ñòàòè÷åñêîì èçãèáå, à òàêæå óäàðíóþ âÿçêîñòü ïðè èçãèáå. Î÷åíü çàìåòíî ñíèæàåòñÿ ïðî÷íîñòü ïðè ðàñïîëîæåíèè çàâèòêîâ â ðàñòÿíóòîé çîíå îïàñíîãî ñå÷åíèÿ.

Ãëàçêè, íàõîäÿùèåñÿ â îïàñíîì ñå÷åíèè ìåëêèõ ñîðòèìåíòîâ, ñíèæàþò èõ ïðî÷íîñòü ïðè ñòàòè÷åñêîì èçãèáå è óäàðíóþ âÿçêîñòü ïðè èçãèáå.

Êàðìàøåê. Âûòåêàþùàÿ èç êàðìàøêîâ ñìîëà èëè êàìåäü ïîðòèò ïîâåðõíîñòü èçäåëèé è ïðåïÿòñòâóåò èõ ëèöåâîé îòäåëêå è îáëèöîâûâàíèþ.

 ìåëêèõ äåòàëÿõ êàðìàøêè ìîãóò ñíèæàòü ïðî÷íîñòü äðåâåñèíû.

Ñåðäöåâèíà. Ñîðòèìåíòû ñ ñåðäöåâèíîé ëåãêî ðàñòðåñêèâàþòñÿ.

Äâîéíàÿ ñåðäöåâèíà çàòðóäíÿåò îáðàáîòêó (ðàñïèëîâêó è ëóùåíèå) äðåâåñèíû è óâåëè÷èâàåò êîëè÷åñòâî îòõîäîâ. Ñîðòèìåíòû ñ äâîéíîé ñåðäöåâèíîé ëåãêî ðàñòðåñêèâàþòñÿ.

Ñìåùåííàÿ ñåðäöåâèíà ìîæåò çàòðóäíÿòü èñïîëüçîâàíèå êðóãëûõ ëåñîìàòåðèàëîâ ïî íàçíà÷åíèþ. ßâëÿåòñÿ âíåøíèì ïðèçíàêîì ïðèñóòñòâèÿ â ñòâîëå êðåíè è òÿãîâîé äðåâåñèíû.

Ïàñûíîê íàðóøàåò îäíîðîäíîñòü ñòðîåíèÿ äðåâåñèíû, à â ïèëîïðîäóêöèè è äåòàëÿõ èíîãäà è åå öåëîñòíîñòü, ñíèæàåò ìåõàíè÷åñêèå ñâîéñòâà äðåâåñèíû, îñîáåííî ïðè èçãèáå è ðàñòÿæåíèè.

Ñóõîáîêîñòü íàðóøàåò ïðàâèëüíîñòü ôîðìû êðóãëûõ ëåñîìàòåðèàëîâ è öåëîñòíîñòü äðåâåñèíû, âûçûâàåò ìåñòíîå èñêðèâëåíèå ãîäè÷íûõ ñëîåâ.

Ïðîðîñòü íàðóøàåò öåëîñòíîñòü äðåâåñèíû, ñîïðîâîæäàåòñÿ èñêðèâëåíèåì ïðèëåãàþùèõ ãîäè÷íûõ ñëîåâ.

Ðàê èçìåíÿåò ôîðìó êðóãëûõ ñîðòèìåíòîâ è ñòðîåíèå äðåâåñèíû, ó õâîéíûõ ïîðîä ñîïðîâîæäàåòñÿ ñèëüíûì ñìîëîòå÷åíèåì è çàñìîëåíèåì äðåâåñèíû, çàòðóäíÿåò èñïîëüçîâàíèå ñîðòèìåíòîâ ïî íàçíà÷åíèþ è èõ ìåõàíè÷åñêóþ îáðàáîòêó.

Çàñìîëîê ñóùåñòâåííî íå âëèÿåò íà ìåõàíè÷åñêèå ñâîéñòâà äðåâåñèíû. Îäíàêî çàìåòíî ñíèæàåò óäàðíóþ âÿçêîñòü ïðè èçãèáå, óìåíüøàåò âîäîïðîíèöàåìîñòü è çàòðóäíÿåò îòäåëêó è ñêëåèâàíèå, îáëèöîâûâàíèå ìàòåðèàëîâ.

Ëîæíîå ÿäðî ïîðòèò âíåøíèé âèä äðåâåñèíû, îòëè÷àåòñÿ ïëîõîé ïðîíèöàåìîñòüþ, ïîíèæåííîé ïðî÷íîñòüþ ïðè ðàñòÿæåíèè âäîëü âîëîêîí è ïîâûøåííîé õðóïêîñòüþ. Ó áåðåçû, êðîìå òîãî, ëîæíîå ÿäðî ñïîñîáíî ëåãêî ðàñòðåñêèâàòüñÿ. Ïî ñòîéêîñòè ê çàãíèâàíèþ ëîæíîå ÿäðî ïðåâîñõîäèò çàáîëîíü.

Ïÿòíèñòîñòü íà ìåõàíè÷åñêèå ñâîéñòâà äðåâåñèíû âëèÿíèÿ íå îêàçûâàåò.  øïîíå â ìåñòàõ êðóïíûõ ïÿòåí èíîãäà âûçûâàåò ðàñòðåñêèâàíèå äðåâåñèíû. Óõóäøàåò âíåøíèé âèä.

Âíóòðåííÿÿ çàáîëîíü ïî ìåõàíè÷åñêèì ñâîéñòâàì íå îòëè÷àåòñÿ îò ÿäðà, îáëàäàåò ïîâûøåííîé ïðîíèöàåìîñòüþ äëÿ æèäêîñòåé è ïîíèæåííîé ñòîéêîñòüþ ê çàãíèâàíèþ.

Âîäîñëîé ÿâëÿåòñÿ ïðè÷èíîé ðàñòðåñêèâàíèÿ, ñíèæàåò óäàðíóþ âÿçêîñòü ïðè èçãèáå è íåðåäêî ñîïðîâîæäàåòñÿ ãíèëüþ.

 

5. ÕÈÌÈ×ÅÑÊÈÅ ÎÊÐÀÑÊÈ

 

Õèìè÷åñêèå îêðàñêè íå âëèÿþò íà ôèçèêî-ìåõàíè÷åñêèå ñâîéñòâà äðåâåñèíû, èçìåíÿþò åå öâåò è áëåñê. Ïðè èíòåíñèâíîé îêðàñêå óõóäøàþò âíåøíèé âèä.

 

6. ÃÐÈÁÍÛÅ ÏÎÐÀÆÅÍÈß

 

Ãðèáíûå ÿäðîâûå ïÿòíà (ïîëîñû) ñóùåñòâåííî íå âëèÿþò íà ìåõàíè÷åñêèå ñâîéñòâà äðåâåñèíû (èíîãäà íàáëþäàåòñÿ íåêîòîðîå ñíèæåíèå ïðî÷íîñòè äðåâåñèíû ïðè óäàðíûõ íàãðóçêàõ), ïîðòÿò âíåøíèé âèä è ïîâûøàþò âîäîïðîíèöàåìîñòü äðåâåñèíû.

Ïëåñåíü íå âëèÿåò íà ìåõàíè÷åñêèå ñâîéñòâà äðåâåñèíû, íî óõóäøàåò âíåøíèé âèä, ñïîñîáíà ïåðåõîäèòü íà ïðîäóêòû ïèòàíèÿ è èçäåëèÿ è ðàçðóøàòü æèâîòíûå êëåè, ïîñëå âûñûõàíèÿ ëåãêî óäàëÿåòñÿ (ñìåòàåòñÿ), îñòàâëÿÿ èíîãäà íà ïîâåðõíîñòè äðåâåñèíû ãðÿçíîâàòûå èëè öâåòíûå ïÿòíà.

Çàáîëîííûå ãðèáíûå îêðàñêè íå âëèÿþò íà ìåõàíè÷åñêèå ñâîéñòâà äðåâåñèíû (èíîãäà, ïðè äëèòåëüíîì âîçäåéñòâèè ãðèáîâ, ãëóáîêàÿ ñèíåâà íåñêîëüêî ñíèæàåò ñîïðîòèâëåíèå äðåâåñèíû óäàðíûì íàãðóçêàì), íî óõóäøàþò åå âíåøíèé âèä è ïîâûøàþò âîäîïðîíèöàåìîñòü. Ãðèáû, îêðàøèâàþùèå çàáîëîíü, ìîãóò ðàçðóøàòü êëåè è ëàêîêðàñî÷íûå ïîêðûòèÿ.

Ïîáóðåíèå ìàëî èçìåíÿåò ïðî÷íîñòü ïðè ñòàòè÷åñêèõ íàãðóçêàõ è òâåðäîñòü äðåâåñèíû, ìîæåò ñíèæàòü óäàðíóþ âÿçêîñòü ïðè èçãèáå, óõóäøàåò âíåøíèé âèä äðåâåñèíû, ó áóêà óìåíüøàåò âîäîïðîíèöàåìîñòü, ïðè õðàíåíèè íåïðîñóøåííîé äðåâåñèíû ÿâëÿåòñÿ ïðåäøåñòâåííèêîì çàáîëîííîé ãíèëè.

Ïåñòðàÿ ñèòîâàÿ, áóðàÿ òðåùèíîâàòàÿ, áåëàÿ âîëîêíèñòàÿ è ÿäðîâàÿ ãíèëè ñóùåñòâåííî âëèÿþò íà ìåõàíè÷åñêèå ñâîéñòâà äðåâåñèíû. Ñîðòíîñòü äðåâåñèíû ñ ýòèìè ãíèëÿìè â çàâèñèìîñòè îò ðàçìåðîâ ïîðàæåíèÿ ñíèæàåòñÿ âïëîòü äî åå ïîëíîé òåõíè÷åñêîé íåïðèãîäíîñòè.  ñðóáëåííîé äðåâåñèíå äàëüíåéøåå ðàçâèòèå ïåñòðîé ñèòîâîé ãíèëè ïðåêðàùàåòñÿ. Ðàçâèòèå áóðîé òðåùèíîâàòîé è áåëîé âîëîêíèñòîé ãíèëè â íåïðîñóøåííîé äðåâåñèíå ìîæåò ïðîäîëæàòüñÿ.

Òâåðäàÿ çàáîëîííàÿ ãíèëü íåñêîëüêî ñíèæàåò ïðî÷íîñòü äðåâåñèíû ïðè óäàðíûõ íàãðóçêàõ è ïîâûøàåò åå ïðîíèöàåìîñòü è âëàãîïîãëîùåíèå.

Ìÿãêàÿ çàáîëîííàÿ ãíèëü ðåçêî ñíèæàåò ìåõàíè÷åñêèå ñâîéñòâà äðåâåñèíû. Ïðè õðàíåíèè íåïðîñóøåííîé äðåâåñèíû ïðîöåññ ðàçðóøåíèÿ äðåâåñèíû çàáîëîííîé ãíèëüþ ïðîäîëæàåòñÿ.

Íàðóæíàÿ òðóõëÿâàÿ ãíèëü ðåçêî ñíèæàåò ìåõàíè÷åñêèå ñâîéñòâà äðåâåñèíû, ïðîöåññ ðàçðóøåíèÿ ìîæåò ïðîäîëæàòüñÿ íå òîëüêî â íåïðîñóøåííîé, íî è â îòíîñèòåëüíî ñóõîé äðåâåñèíå; ïîðàæåííàÿ äðåâåñèíà ÿâëÿåòñÿ îïàñíûì èñòî÷íèêîì ãðèáíîé èíôåêöèè äëÿ ðàçëè÷íûõ äåðåâÿííûõ ñîîðóæåíèé.

Äóïëî íàðóøàåò öåëîñòíîñòü ñîðòèìåíòîâ, çàòðóäíÿåò èõ èñïîëüçîâàíèå íî íàçíà÷åíèþ. Ïðè áîëüøîì ðàçâèòèè ïðèâîäèò ê ïîëíîé òåõíè÷åñêîé íåïðèãîäíîñòè ïîðàæåííîé äðåâåñèíû.

 

7. ÁÈÎËÎÃÈ×ÅÑÊÈÅ ÏÎÂÐÅÆÄÅÍÈß

 

×åðâîòî÷èíà. Ïîâåðõíîñòíàÿ ÷åðâîòî÷èíà íå âëèÿåò íà ìåõàíè÷åñêèå ñâîéñòâà äðåâåñèíû. Íåãëóáîêàÿ è ãëóáîêàÿ ÷åðâîòî÷èíà íàðóøàþò öåëîñòíîñòü äðåâåñèíû è ñíèæàþò åå ìåõàíè÷åñêèå ñâîéñòâà. Ïîâðåæäåíèå äðåâåñèíû ÷åðâîòî÷èíîé îáû÷íî âëå÷åò çà ñîáîé åå ïîðàæåíèå çàáîëîííûìè ãðèáíûìè îêðàñêàìè, ïîáóðåíèåì è çàáîëîííîé ãíèëüþ. Íàëè÷èå â ÷åðâîòî÷èíå æèâûõ ëè÷èíîê ñâèäåòåëüñòâóåò î òîì, ÷òî ïðîöåññ ïîâðåæäåíèÿ äðåâåñèíû íàñåêîìûìè åùå íå ïðåêðàòèëñÿ; â îêîðåííûõ ëåñîìàòåðèàëàõ îí îñòàíàâëèâàåòñÿ äîâîëüíî áûñòðî è íå ñîïðîâîæäàåòñÿ çíà÷èòåëüíûì óâåëè÷åíèåì ïîâðåæäåíèÿ äðåâåñèíû, â íåîêîðåííûõ ëåñîìàòåðèàëàõ ïðîöåññ ìîæåò ïðîäîëæàòüñÿ äî çàâåðøåíèÿ ðàçâèòèÿ ëè÷èíîê ïðè íåêîòîðîì óâåëè÷åíèè ïîâðåæäåíèÿ äðåâåñèíû.

Ïîâðåæäåíèÿ äðåâåñèíû ïàðàçèòíûìè ðàñòåíèÿìè íàðóøàþò öåëîñòíîñòü äðåâåñèíû è ñíèæàþò åå ìåõàíè÷åñêèå ñâîéñòâà.

Ïîâðåæäåíèå ïòèöàìè íàðóøàåò öåëîñòíîñòü êðóãëûõ ëåñîìàòåðèàëîâ, ìîæåò çàòðóäíèòü èõ èñïîëüçîâàíèå ïî íàçíà÷åíèþ. Óâåëè÷èâàåò êîëè÷åñòâî îòõîäîâ ïðè ðàñïèëîâêå è ëóùåíèè.

 

8. ÈÍÎÐÎÄÍÛÅ ÂÊËÞ×ÅÍÈß, ÌÅÕÀÍÈ×ÅÑÊÈÅ ÏÎÂÐÅÆÄÅÍÈß

È ÏÎÐÎÊÈ ÌÅÕÀÍÈ×ÅÑÊÎÉ ÎÁÐÀÁÎÒÊÈ

 

Èíîðîäíîå âêëþ÷åíèå çàòðóäíÿåò îáðàáîòêó äðåâåñèíû, íåðåäêî ÿâëÿåòñÿ ïðè÷èíîé àâàðèé.

Îáóãëåííîñòü ñîïðîâîæäàåòñÿ óòðàòîé ÷àñòè äðåâåñèíû è èçìåíÿåò ôîðìó áîêîâîé ïîâåðõíîñòè ëåñîìàòåðèàëîâ, ìîæåò çàòðóäíÿòü èñïîëüçîâàíèå ëåñîìàòåðèàëîâ ïî íàçíà÷åíèþ, óâåëè÷èâàåò êîëè÷åñòâî îòõîäîâ ïðè ðàñïèëîâêå è ëóùåíèè êðóãëûõ ëåñîìàòåðèàëîâ è ðàñêðîå ïèëîïðîäóêöèè.

Îáäèð êîðû ñíèæàåò ñòîéêîñòü ñâåæåçàãîòîâëåííûõ íåîêîðåííûõ êðóãëûõ ëåñîìàòåðèàëîâ ê ãðèáíûì ïîðàæåíèÿì è ðàñòðåñêèâàíèþ.

Ñêîñ ïðîïèëà óìåíüøàåò ôàêòè÷åñêóþ äëèíó ñîðòèìåíòà, çàòðóäíÿåò èñïîëüçîâàíèå ïî íàçíà÷åíèþ, óâåëè÷èâàåò êîëè÷åñòâî îòõîäîâ ïðè èõ ïîïåðå÷íîì ðàñêðîå.

Îáçîë óìåíüøàåò ôàêòè÷åñêóþ øèðèíó ñòîðîí ñîðòèìåíòà, çàòðóäíÿåò èñïîëüçîâàíèå ïèëîïðîäóêöèè ïî íàçíà÷åíèþ, óâåëè÷èâàåò êîëè÷åñòâî îòõîäîâ ïðè èõ ðàñêðîå.

Çàêîðèíà óâåëè÷èâàåò êîëè÷åñòâî îòõîäîâ øïîíà, ÷àñòî âûïàäàåò, îñòàâëÿÿ â øïîíå ïëîñêèå óãëóáëåíèÿ è ñêâîçíûå îòâåðñòèÿ.

Ðèñêè, âîëíèñòîñòü, âîðñèñòîñòü, ìøèñòîñòü, áàõðîìà, âûðûâ, ðâàíûé òîðåö, âûùåðáèíû, ðÿáü øïîíà ÿâëÿþòñÿ ïîêàçàòåëÿìè êà÷åñòâà îáðàáîòêè, îïðåäåëÿþò øåðîõîâàòîñòü ïîâåðõíîñòè, óìåíüøàþò ôàêòè÷åñêèå ðàçìåðû ìàòåðèàëà è çàòðóäíÿþò îòäåëêó, ñêëåèâàíèå, îáëèöîâûâàíèå ìàòåðèàëîâ.

Îòùåï, ñêîë, çàäèð, âûõâàò, çàïèë, çàðóá, êàððà, íàêîë íàðóøàþò öåëîñòíîñòü äðåâåñèíû, óõóäøàþò âíåøíèé âèä, óìåíüøàþò ôàêòè÷åñêèå ðàçìåðû ìàòåðèàëà, ïðè áîëüøèõ ðàçìåðàõ ñíèæàþò ìåõàíè÷åñêóþ ïðî÷íîñòü ìàòåðèàëà, çàòðóäíÿþò èñïîëüçîâàíèå åãî ïî íàçíà÷åíèþ.

Êîçûðåê, çàóñåíåö, ãðåáåøîê ÿâëÿþòñÿ ïîêàçàòåëÿìè êà÷åñòâà îáðàáîòêè ðåçàíèåì.

Íåïðîôðåçåðîâêà, íåäîøëèôîâêà, ïðîøëèôîâêà óõóäøàþò âíåøíèé âèä, íàðóøàþò ïðàâèëüíîñòü ôîðìû ñîðòèìåíòà, òðåáóþò äîïîëíèòåëüíîé îáðàáîòêè.

Âìÿòèíà, öàðàïèíà, îæîã óõóäøàþò âíåøíèé âèä äåòàëåé è èçäåëèé.

 

9. ÏÎÊÎÐÎÁËÅÍÍÎÑÒÈ

 

Ïîêîðîáëåííîñòü èçìåíÿåò ôîðìó ïèëîïðîäóêöèè è äåòàëåé, çàòðóäíÿåò èõ èñïîëüçîâàíèå ïî íàçíà÷åíèþ, îáðàáîòêó è ðàñêðîé. Âåëè÷èíà ïîêîðîáëåííîñòè èçìåíÿåòñÿ ïðè âûñûõàíèè è óâëàæíåíèè äðåâåñèíû.

 

 

 

 

 

Ïðèëîæåíèå 2

Ñïðàâî÷íîå

 

Îñíîâíûå ðàçíîâèäíîñòè ñó÷êîâ

 

 

1 - êðóãëûé; 2 - îâàëüíûé; 3 - ïðîäîëãîâàòûé;

4 - ïëàñòåâîé; 5 - êðîìî÷íûé; 6 - ðåáðîâûé; 7 - ñøèâíîé;

8 - ãðóïïîâûå; 9 - ðàçâåòâëåííûå

 

×åðò. 1

 

Ðåáðîâûé ñó÷îê (ñîñíà)

 

 

×åðò. 2

 

Ñøèâíîé ñó÷îê (åëü)

 

 

×åðò. 3

 

Ãðóïïîâûå ñó÷êè (ñîñíà)

 

 

×åðò. 4

 

Ðàçâåòâëåííûå ñó÷êè (ñîñíà)

 

 

×åðò. 5

 

Èçìåðåíèå ñó÷êîâ â êðóãëûõ ëåñîìàòåðèàëàõ

 

 

1 - îòêðûòîãî; 3 - çàðîñøåãî

â ïèëîìàòåðèàëàõ ëèñòâåííûõ ïîðîä

 

×åðò. 6

 

Èçìåðåíèå êðóãëûõ è îâàëüíûõ ñó÷êîâ

 

 

×åðò. 7

 

Èçìåðåíèå ïðîäîëãîâàòûõ è ðàçâåòâëåííûõ ñó÷êîâ

 

 

 

×åðò. 8

 

Èçìåðåíèå ðåáðîâûõ è ãðóïïîâûõ ñó÷êîâ

 

 

 

×åðò. 9

 

Îñíîâíûå ðàçíîâèäíîñòè òðåùèí

 

 

1 - ìåòèêîâûå; 2 - ìîðîçíûå; 3 - òðåùèíû óñóøêè;

4 - îòëóïíûå; 5 - ïëàñòåâûå; 6 - êðîìî÷íûå, 7 - òîðöîâûå

 

×åðò. 10

 

Ìåòèêîâûå òðåùèíû â êðóãëûõ ëåñîìàòåðèàëàõ

 

 

1 - ïðîñòàÿ, 2 - ñëîæíàÿ

 

×åðò. 11

 

Èçìåðåíèå òîðöîâûõ òðåùèí â êðóãëûõ ëåñîìàòåðèàëàõ

 

 

1 - ïðîñòàÿ ìåòèêîâàÿ; 2 - ñëîæíàÿ ìåòèêîâàÿ; 3 - îòëóïíàÿ

 

×åðò. 12

 

Èçìåðåíèå áîêîâûõ òðåùèí â êðóãëûõ ëåñîìàòåðèàëàõ

 

 

1 - ìîðîçíàÿ; 2 - òðåùèíà óñóøêè

 

×åðò. 13

 

Èçìåðåíèå òîðöîâûõ òðåùèí â ïèëîïðîäóêöèè è äåòàëÿõ

 

 

ïðè ,  ïðè

 

×åðò. 14

 

Èçìåðåíèå çàêîìåëèñòîñòè

 

 

1 - îêðóãëàÿ ( ); 2 - ðåáðèñòàÿ ( )

 

×åðò. 15

 

Èçìåðåíèå íàðîñòà

 

 

×åðò. 16

 

Èçìåðåíèå êðèâèçíû

 

 

1 - ïðîñòàÿ ( èëè ),

2 - ñëîæíàÿ ( èëè  ïðè ),

3 - êðèâîå áðåâíî ïðåäíàçíà÷åííîå äëÿ ðàçäåëêè íà ÷óðàêè

( )

 

×åðò. 17

 

Íàêëîí âîëîêîí

 

 

1 - òàíãåíòàëüíûé (âèäåí ïî òðåùèíàì, åëü),

2 - ðàäèàëüíûé (âèäåí ïî ãîäè÷íûì ñëîÿì, ñîñíà)

 

×åðò. 18

 

Èçìåðåíèå íàêëîíà âîëîêîí â êðóãëûõ ëåñîìàòåðèàëàõ

 

 

1 - íà îêîðåííûõ ëåñîìàòåðèàëàõ,

2 - íà íåîêîðåííûõ ëåñîìàòåðèàëàõ

 

×åðò. 19

 

Èçìåðåíèå íàêëîíà âîëîêîí â ïèëîïðîäóêöèè è øïîíå

 

 

1 - òàíãåíòàëüíûé íàêëîí âîëîêîí â ïèëîïðîäóêöèè

è øïîíå ( ), 2 - ðàäèàëüíûé íàêëîí âîëîêîí

íà ðàäèàëüíîé ïîâåðõíîñòè ïèëîïðîäóêöèè

è øïîíà ( ), 3 - ðàäèàëüíûé íàêëîí âîëîêîí

íà òàíãåíòàëüíîé ïîâåðõíîñòè øïîíà

( , ãäå  - ÷èñëî ãîäè÷íûõ ñëîåâ íà îòðåçêå 100 ìì)

 

×åðò. 20

 

Êðåíü (åëü)

 

 

1 - ìåñòíàÿ

 

×åðò. 21

 

Êðåíü (åëü)

 

 

2 - ñïëîøíàÿ

 

×åðò. 21

(ïðîäîëæåíèå)

 

Çàâèòîê (ñîñíà)

 

 

1 - îäíîñòîðîííèé; 2 - ñêâîçíîé

 

×åðò. 22

 

Ãëàçêè â øïîíå (áåðåçà)

 

 

1 - ðàçáðîñàííûå, 2 - ãðóïïîâûå

 

×åðò. 23

 

Êàðìàøåê (åëü)

 

 

1 - ðàäèàëüíûé ðàçðåç, 2 - òàíãåíòàëüíûé ðàçðåç,

3 - òîðöîâûé ðàçðåç

 

×åðò. 24

 

Äâîéíàÿ ñåðäöåâèíà

 

 

1 - â êðóãëûõ ëåñîìàòåðèàëàõ, 2 - â äîñêå (ñîñíà)

 

×åðò. 25

 

Ïàñûíîê â äîñêå (ñîñíà)

 

 

×åðò. 26

 

Èçìåðåíèå ñóõîáîêîñòè

 

 

×åðò. 27

 

Îòêðûòàÿ ïðîðîñòü â äîñêå (ñîñíà)

 

 

1 - îäíîñòîðîííÿÿ íà ðàäèàëüíîé è òîðöîâîé ïîâåðõíîñòÿõ

 

×åðò. 28

 

Îòêðûòàÿ ïðîðîñòü â äîñêå (ñîñíà)

 

 

2 - ñêâîçíàÿ íà òàíãåíòàëüíîé è òîðöîâîé ïîâåðõíîñòè

 

×åðò. 28

(ïðîäîëæåíèå)

 

Ïðîðîñòü â øïîíå (áåðåçà)

 

 

1 - îòêðûòàÿ; 2 - ñðîñøàÿñÿ

 

×åðò. 29

 

Èçìåðåíèå ïðîðîñòè â êðóãëûõ ëåñîìàòåðèàëàõ

 

 

1 - îòêðûòàÿ, 2 - çàêðûòàÿ

 

×åðò. 30

 

Èçìåðåíèå ëîæíîãî ÿäðà

 

 

×åðò. 31

 

Ðàäèàëüíàÿ ïÿòíèñòîñòü â øïîíå (áåðåçà)

 

 

×åðò. 32

 

Ïðîæèëêè â øïîíå (áåðåçà)

 

 

1 - ðàçáðîñàííûå, 2 - ãðóïïîâûå

 

×åðò. 33

 

Èçìåðåíèå âíóòðåííåé çàáîëîíè

 

 

×åðò. 34

 

Èçìåðåíèå ãðèáíûõ ÿäðîâûõ ïÿòåí,

ïîëîñ è ÿäðîâîé ãíèëè, äóïëà

 

 

1 - çîíà ïîðàæåíèÿ â âèäå ìàññèâíîãî öåíòðàëüíîãî ïÿòíà;

2 - çîíà ïîðàæåíèÿ â âèäå íåñêîëüêèõ ïÿòåí,

ðàñïîëîæåííûõ â öåíòðå;

3 - çîíà ïîðàæåíèÿ

â âèäå îäèíî÷íîãî ýêñöåíòðè÷íî ðàñïîëîæåííîãî ïÿòíà;

4 - çîíà ïîðàæåíèÿ â âèäå êîëüöà

 

×åðò. 35

 

Èçìåðåíèå ýàáîëîííûõ ãðèáíûõ îêðàñîê è çàáîëîííîé ãíèëè

 

 

1 - íà íåîêîðåííûõ áðåâíàõ; 2 - íà îêîðåííûõ áðåâíàõ

 

×åðò. 36

 

Ïîâåðõíîñòíàÿ ÷åðâîòî÷èíà (ñîñíà)

 

 

×åðò. 37

 

Ãëóáîêàÿ ÷åðâîòî÷èíà

 

 

1 - íåêðóïíàÿ (ñîñíà), 2 - êðóïíàÿ (åëü)

 

×åðò. 38

 

Èçìåðåíèå îáóãëåííîñòè

 

 

×åðò. 39

 

Èçìåðåíèå îáçîëà

 

 

1 - òóïîé ( ïðè  ïðè ),

2 - îñòðûé ( )

 

×åðò. 40

 

Çàêîðèíà â øïîíå (áåðåçà)

 

 

×åðò. 41

 

Ðèñêè

 

 

×åðò. 42

 

Âîðñèñòîñòü

 

 

×åðò. 43

 

Ìøèñòîñòü

 

 

×åðò. 44

 

Èçìåðåíèå çàðóáà è çàïèëà â ïèëîïðîäóêöèè è äåòàëÿõ

 

 

1 - çàðóá; 2 - çàïèë

 

×åðò. 45

 

Ñêîë â ïèëîïðîäóêöèè è äåòàëÿõ

 

 

×åðò. 46

 

Âûðûâ â ïèëîïðîäóêöèè è äåòàëÿõ

 

 

×åðò. 47

 

Âûùåðáèíû â ïèëîïðîäóêöèè è äåòàëÿõ

 

 

×åðò. 48

 

Èçìåðåíèå âûõâàòà

 

 

×åðò. 49

 

Ãðåáåøîê

 

 

×åðò. 50

 

Èçìåðåíèå ïîêîðîáëåííîñòè

 

 

1 - ïðîñòàÿ, 2 ñëîæíàÿ ( ïðè ,  ïðè );

3 - ïðîäîëüíàÿ ïî êðîìêå, 4 - ïîïåðå÷íàÿ; 5 - êðûëîâàòîñòü

 

×åðò. 51

 

Ñâåòëûé çäîðîâûé ñó÷îê (ñîñíà)

 

 

×åðò. 52

 

Òåìíûé çäîðîâûé ñó÷îê (ñîñíà)

 

 

×åðò. 53

 

Çàãíèâøèé ñó÷îê (ñîñíà)

 

 

×åðò. 54

 

Ãíèëîé ñó÷îê (ñîñíà)

 

 

×åðò. 55

 

Òàáà÷íûé ñó÷îê (ñîñíà)

 

 

×åðò. 56

 

Ëîæíîå ÿäðî (áåðåçà)

 

 

×åðò. 57

 

Ãðèáíûå ÿäðîâûå ïÿòíà è ïîëîñû (ñîñíà)

 

 

×åðò. 58

 

Ãðèáíûå ÿäðîâûå ïÿòíà è ïîëîñû (åëü)

 

 

×åðò. 59

 

Ãðèáíûå ÿäðîâûå ïÿòíà è ïîëîñû (áåðåçà)

 

 

×åðò. 60

 

Çàáîëîííûå ãðèáíûå îêðàñêè

(ñèíåâà, ðîçîâàÿ è êîðè÷íåâàÿ îêðàñêà,

ñîñíà)

 

 

×åðò. 61

 

Çàáîëîííûå ãðèáíûå îêðàñêè (êîðè÷íåâàÿ îêðàñêà

è ñèíåâà, ñîñíà)

 

 

×åðò. 62

 

Ïîáóðåíèå (áåðåçà)

 

 

×åðò. 63

 

Ïåñòðàÿ ñèòîâàÿ ãíèëü (ñîñíà)

 

 

×åðò. 64

 

Áóðàÿ òðåùèíîâàòàÿ ãíèëü (åëü)

 

 

×åðò. 65

 

Áåëàÿ âîëîêíèñòàÿ ãíèëü (áåðåçà)

 

 

×åðò. 66

 

Òâåðäàÿ çàáîëîííàÿ ãíèëü (áåðåçà)

 

 

×åðò. 67

 

Òâåðäàÿ çàáîëîííàÿ ãíèëü (åëü)

 

 

×åðò. 68

 

Ìÿãêàÿ çàáîëîííàÿ ãíèëü (áåðåçà)

 

 

×åðò. 69

 

Ìÿãêàÿ çàáîëîííàÿ ãíèëü (ñîñíà)

 

 

×åðò. 70

 

Íàðóæíàÿ òðóõëÿâàÿ ãíèëü (ñîñíà)

 

 

×åðò. 71

 

 





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